Child Abuse and Neglect

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University Canada West *

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Psychology

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Nov 24, 2024

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1 Child Abuse and Neglect Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Course Title Submission Date

2 Introduction Child abuse and neglect are prevalent social crises in the modern society. Abuse has been related to maladaptive behavior, post-traumatic stress disorder, intergenerational cycles, and adult instability, thus it is important for society to learn how to detect the indicators of abuse, how to report abuse, how to intervene with abusive and negligent parents, and what supports are available to people who have endured abuse. Abuse and neglect affect children of all socioeconomic and racial/ethnic backgrounds. To tackle this issue successfully, society requires a thorough grasp of the many varieties of child abuse and neglect, the persons most likely to be impacted, the results, the measures to avoid abuse and neglect, on the importance and appropriate care of children. (2016) Abuse and neglect have existed afflicted children for a long time. A poll may find that many Americans know someone who was abused or neglected (National, n.d.). About 700,000 children a year are abused or neglected, which certainly understates the situation. To tackle this issue successfully, society requires a thorough grasp of child abuse and neglect, the numerous varieties, the individuals who are susceptible, the results, the measures to avoid abuse and neglect, and the biblical teachings on the worth and good care of children. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to examine child abuse and neglect, as well as interventions with abusive and neglectful parents and find an opportunity address the consequences that impair the quality of life of children facing abuse and neglect. Research Questions 1. How does child abuse and neglect affect childhood?

3 2. Why should child abuse and neglect be addressed? 3. How do you protect children from abuse and neglect? 4. What are some of the intervention strategies to prevent child abuse and neglect? Literature Review When a parent is able to care for their kid financially but chooses not to do so, they are guilty of neglecting their child. Neglect may be physical when an adult does not provide for a children's basic requirements; it can be medical when a child does not get medical treatment; it can be educational when a child does not receive an education; and it can be emotional when a child does not receive psychological care. Child abuse, on the other hand, may take the form of physical abuse in the form of beatings, sexual abuse to a minor in the form of rape, or emotional abuse as a result of an adult's ignorance towards the well-being of the child. Types of Abuse and Neglect According to (Babakhanlou & Beattie, 2019), every instance of neglect may be classified as one of these six types: "educational neglect; emotional neglect; nutritional neglect; physical neglect; and medical neglect". Educational neglect occurs when a child's educational requirements are not met during each stage of their educational development. The inability to connect with and care for a kid on an emotional level is the hallmark of emotional neglect (Humphreys, & Zeanah, 2018). Nutritional neglect occurs when a parent either chooses not to or is unable to meet the dietary requirements of their kid in order to promote healthy growth and development of the child's body. The lack or inability to provide a kid with adequate clothes, footwear, a safe place to live, and supervision in order to keep the child from coming into contact with potentially harmful situations is an example of physical neglect. In the context of medicine,

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4 "medical neglect" refers to the failure to provide necessary medical care, whether such care is curative, preventive, or diagnostic in nature. Abuse may be categorized as either physical, sexual, or emotional and psychological. Physical abuse is the most common kind of abuse. Any kind of bodily change, such as "striking, shaking, poisoning, burning, drowning, or smothering the kid," is considered to be an example of physical abuse. Sexual abuse includes any unwanted sexual contact or interaction with a kid who is either too young to grasp the consequences or too young to offer informed permission. Sexual contact or interaction with a child who cannot provide permission due to age covers both nonphysical contact, such as voyeurism or forced exposure to pornographic materials, and any physical touch or interaction. Because of the nature of the abuse and the absence of a single, all- encompassing description, it is much more difficult to witness and diagnose emotional and psychological abuse. The term "emotional and psychological abuse" refers, in its broadest sense, to any action on the part of a caregiver that hinders or otherwise negatively affects the child's cognitive, emotional, or psychological development. The Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect Victims of child abuse and neglect have a variety of direct consequences. Some of them are physical (such as bruises, fractures, and other wounds) and some are emotional and psychological. Childhood trauma has been linked to the development of some diseases in adulthood. The endocrine system is the body's stress response mechanism, and it is this system that is negatively affected by childhood trauma, leading to a wide range of medical problems (Nemeroff, 2016). Heart disease, liver disease, lung cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, and

5 autoimmune disorders are only some of the illnesses that have been related to child abuse and neglect. A rise in the prevalence of psychological problems among victims has also been seen. Depression is one of the most prevalent mental illnesses. Adults who experienced abuse or neglect as children nearly usually suffer from depression, which may manifest in a variety of ways. Anxiety disorders, anger, extreme fear, and phobias, as well as a wide range of personality disorders, are also common psychiatric diagnoses (Springer et al., 2003). Adolescents who experienced severe traumatic events, such as abuse or neglect, as children are more likely to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Boys are less likely to disclose abuse, particularly sexual assault, even though there is no factual evidence of gender imbalance in recorded instances of children who experience abuse. Among adolescents who suffered abuse or neglect as kids, researchers found that females (29%) were more likely than boys (21%) to develop PTSD later in life. A higher risk of developing PTSD symptoms is linked to both physical and emotional maltreatment in childhood (Ashraf et al., 2019). Victims of child abuse and neglect are likely to struggle with substance misuse as adolescents and adults. Substance misuse is often a coping mechanism used to forget painful experiences (James & Johnson, 2016). The repercussions of child abuse and neglect extend well beyond the physical to include a wide range of functional impairments. The two are inextricably linked, with the former often leading to the latter. Those who experienced trauma as children are statistically more likely to have difficulty progressing in life. A person's degree of education, occupation, and financial stability are all indicators of his or her socioeconomic standing. Victims of child abuse and neglect are statistically fail to graduate from high school and continue their education. Because of this, individuals have a lower chance of securing a secure job with a steady paycheck (Fordet

6 al., 2017). This feedback loop of negative consequences makes it harder for the person afflicted with the vice to rise above adversity and lead a happy, fulfilled life. Those with poor socioeconomic status are more likely to impart their own flaws onto their offspring. The term for this phenomenon is the "poverty trap." They are more likely to be dependent on public or non- profit aid programs later in life and have a lower chance of achieving economic independence as adults. People who have been abused or neglected as children often go on to perpetuate the same abusive behaviors in their own children. This is the cycle of abuse that may last for many generations. 53.5 percent of the mothers in the study were abused or neglected, and 54.4 percent of the children in the research were also mistreated or neglected, according to the information published by Dym Bartlett et al., (2017). Statistically, the odds increase if the mother can provide evidence of childhood maltreatment. They also discovered a link between the types of abuse, suggesting that women are more likely to mistreat or neglect their children in the same ways that they too were abused or neglected. Moms who have undergone maltreatment themselves are more prone to perpetrate child abuse than other mothers. Interventions Training in Empathetic Understanding This is the most important skill because it has a direct effect on other people. Some people think that you have to be completely passive in order to be considered an empathic person. This, however, ought not to be the situation. To be empathetic, one must take the time to comprehend the perspectives of others without necessarily adopting those perspectives oneself. Acknowledging and taking into account the experiences, perspectives, and choices of others is

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7 the essence of empathy. Empathy may be strengthened by practicing better speaking and listening skills (Geiger et al., 2016). Parents should practice empathy by taking an interest in their children's perspectives on the world and, more importantly, on how they believe their parents are treating them. This education will teach parents to see the world through the eyes of their children and encourage them to make positive adjustments in their approach to child abuse and neglect. Training in Communication and Problem Solving The parent-child relationship, like any other relationship, relies heavily on open lines of communication. There are three parts to communication: the speaker, the listener, and the information being shared. When everyone has a common understanding of the issue at hand, finding a solution is much simpler. Parents need to have effective communication skills so that they can explain their children's mistakes and help them learn from them (Fortson et al., 2016). Parents should choose punishments that are helpful rather than harmful to their children. Parents need to learn how to have meaningful conversations with their kids about how they feel about their caretakers' abuse and neglect. After realizing this, parents should take steps to create a long- term fix so their kids no longer feel abandoned by the very people whose job it is to make them feel safe and cared for. Training for Anger Management In this session, participants will learn about the factors that may be contributing to an increase in parental anger, which may have negative consequences for children. The anger management classes provide a more in-depth look at the distinctions between good and harmful expressions of rage. Anger management courses teach parents not just the causes and effects of

8 their children's anger, but also techniques for coping with it (Badoe, 2017). Many things might set off a person's anger, including a bad day at the office, money problems, or a tense parent- child connection. Since parents are more susceptible to mistreat and neglect their children when they are upset, anger management training is crucial since it gives additional knowledge on how to cope with rage. Methodology In order to gain information from victims of child abuse and neglect in the community, the researcher will utilize a mixed method design, which will include both quantitative and qualitative data. This data will be collected via surveys and interviews. They will be distributed at every event that is intended to bring the community together. Additional permission forms will be sent to guarantee that all of the individuals who took part in the aforementioned polls and interviews have given their blessing (Almalki, 2016). The researcher will brief everyone on the rationale for administering questionnaires and conducting interviews. They will also be informed that their privacy will be protected, and that their replies will be used to assist in accomplishing the goals that have been established. The goals of the intervention will determine the kind of data that are collected. In addition, we will conduct interviews and surveys in order to collect this information. It is believed that the facts presented here will help in the determination of measures to lessen instances of child abuse and neglect. Findings In the case of face-to-face surveys conducted on paper, the researcher would read and comprehend all of the questionnaires that were handed in. All of the surveys that include errors, such as refusing to answer any of the questions at all, providing inaccurate responses, over-

9 circling, or wrong-circling, are dismissed. Only those surveys that qualified will be preserved. In the case of surveys conducted online, the software in use would only allow respondents to choose one suitable response for each question, unless specified differently (Debowska et al., 2017). After the study was finished, the researcher would check each of the survey forms to see if there were any mistakes of any kind. As soon as it is determined that everything can continue as planned, the researcher is going to start entering data into a spreadsheet. When the researcher had finished inputting all of the data, they would next build a frequency distribution chart. The chart would be helpful in assisting with the checking for input problems. After that, the data would be sorted using Excel in accordance with the categories that had been developed. The conclusion of the data analysis would consist of testing the study hypotheses by inspecting all of the data that was gathered and inputted. Implications Many studies, like this one, have shown that child abuse and neglect may have lasting negative impacts on the lives of the victims. The primary responsibility of parents is to provide for their children and shield them from harm. The results of this research indicate that parents may be protected against abusive and negligent behavior by participating in appropriate training (Milaniak and Widom, 2015). The suggested training as an intervention method increases the likelihood that parents will minimize their child abuse inclinations. Furthermore, we must think about how the parent's income and the kid's surroundings may influence the parent's interaction with, care for, and discipline of the child. Conclusion

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10 Indeed, child abuse and neglect are among the most serious problems facing modern civilization. Since there is no agreed-upon definition of child abuse and neglect and there are so many different kinds of it, addressing these problems is challenging. The numbers of victims and the facts presented show that this is a widespread problem in the world today. The symptoms are very broad and complicated, making accurate diagnosis and therapy challenging. All required reporters must realize their responsibility in identifying cases of abuse and neglect if the problem is to be addressed. The people at large has to be aware of what aid is out there and how to apply for it.

11 References Almalki, S. (2016). Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Data in Mixed Methods Research-- Challenges and Benefits. Journal of education and learning , 5 (3), 288-296. Ashraf, F., Malik, S., Masood, A., & Niazi, F., (2019). Gender comparisons and prevalence of child abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 69(3) Babakhanlou, R., & Beattie, T., (2019). Child abuse. 1nnovAiT, 12(4), 180-187. https://doi.org/10.1109/5.771073 Badoe, E. (2017). A critical review of child abuse and its management in Africa. African journal of emergency medicine , 7 , S32-S35. Debowska, A., Willmott, D., Boduszek, D., & Jones, A. D. (2017). What do we know about child abuse and neglect patterns of co-occurrence? A systematic review of profiling studies and recommendations for future research. Child Abuse & Neglect , 70 , 100-111. Dym Bartlett, J., Easterbrooks, M. A., Fauth, R., & Kotake, C., (2017). Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and neglect: Do maltreatment type, perpetrator, and substantiation status matter?. Child Abuse & Neglect the International Journal, 63, 84-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.021 Ford, D. C., Klevens, J., Merrick, M. T., Metzler, M. & Ports, K. A., (2017). Adverse childhood experiences and life opportunities: Shifting the narrative. Children and Youth Services Review, 72, 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.021

12 Fortson, B. L., Klevens, J., Merrick, M. T., Gilbert, L. K., & Alexander, S. P. (2016). Preventing child abuse and neglect: A technical package for policy, norm, and programmatic activities. Geiger, J. M., Piel, M. H., Lietz, C. A., & Julien-Chinn, F. J. (2016). Empathy as an essential foundation to successful foster parenting. Journal of Child and Family Studies , 25 (12), 3771-3779. Humphreys, K., & Zeanah, C., (2018). Child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(9), 637-644. James, C., & Johnson, E. J., (2016). Effects of child abuse and neglect on adult survivors. Early Child Development and Care , 186(11), 1836-1845. Milaniak, I., & Widom, C. S. (2015). Does child abuse and neglect increase risk for perpetration of violence inside and outside the home?. Psychology of violence , 5 (3), 246. National Children’s Alliance. (n.d.). National statistics on child abuse. Retrieved from https:// www.nationalchildrensalliance.org/media-room/nca-digital-media-kit/national- statisticson-child-abuse/ Nemeroff, C. B., (2016). Paradise lost: The neurobiological and clinical consequences of child abuse and neglect. Nueron, 89(5), 892-909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.019 Springer, K. W., Sheridan, J., Kuo, D., & Carnes, M. (2003). The long-term health outcomes of childhood abuse. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 18(10), 864–870.

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