1.1.2 Descriptive Research (1)

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Psychology

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PSYC 224 Cognitive Psychology Introduction & Methods Descriptive Research

“Find a penny, pick it up, and all day long you’ll have good luck” Testing hard-to-measure ideas Intro & Methods – Descriptive Research – 2

See what people do. Observe whether people pick up pennies on the way to their final exams. Get information about grade on the exam. 3 Observational study Intro & Methods – Descriptive Research – Pick up? Better grades ?

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Students who picked up pennies got, on average, higher grades on their exams! Do I trust these data? Do I expect this outcome would happen again if I redid the study? To evaluate this outcome, what questions would you ask? Possible outcome Intro & Methods – Descriptive Research – 4

How many people were the data collected from (SAMPLE SIZE)? • Two students? Two sets of 300 students? • Expect more deviation by chance in a small sample How big was the difference? • 74% versus 75%? 60% versus 85%? • Bigger differences less likely to arise by chance What was the range of scores (VARIABILITY ) ? • Small variability allows better ability to detect differences Questions to determine reliability : Intro & Methods – Descriptive Research – 5

Statistics are used to assess the likelihood that effects are due to chance alone. They take into account the magnitude of the difference , variability , and the sample size . A “significant” finding is one that is unlikely to have arisen by chance (often set around 5%). Statistics in a slide Intro & Methods – Descriptive Research – 6

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PEOPLE WHO PICK UP PENNIES EARN HIGHER GRADES! WANT A HIGHER GRADE? PICK UP A PENNY ON THE WAY TO AN EXAM! PENNIES REALLY DO BRING LUCK! Headlines Intro & Methods – Descriptive Research – 7

8 Watch for misuse of observational data! Intro & Methods – Descriptive Research – tylervigen.com/spurious-correlations CC BY 4.0

Note outcomes without manipulation ADVANTAGES: • naturalistic setting and low interference • ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY: easy to transfer knowledge to real-life situations DISADVANTAGES: • can get information about correlations but cannot determine causation Observational study Intro & Methods – Descriptive Research – 9

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