American Federal Government - Chapter 2 Notes

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1. What were some of the major points of disagreement during the ratification of the Constitution? Correct Answers Incorrect Answers 2. How are the various successful constitutional amendments similar? May tend to be concerned with the structure of the government. 3. Representation based on population Equal representation for each state Unicameral legislature Bicameral legislature Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise) Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise) New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise) Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Virginia Plan 4. Match each feature to either the Articles of Confederation or the Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Sought to develop a unified national identity Limited the powers of the national government Emphasized the importance of unalienable rights Allowed states to retain sovereignty 5. True or False: The Supreme Court has no role in constitutional revision. False 6. Complete the following statement. The – _____ Virginia __ Plan pushed for representation based on population, whereas the – ____ New Jersey____ Plan called for equal representation for all states. The Great Compromise, proposed by – ____ Connecticut__ split the difference between the two and saved the Constitutional Convention from dissolving. 7. Why did the philosopher Baron de Montesquieu believe in the separation of powers among various branches of government? He feared that consolidating power into the hands of one branch could infringe upon individual liberties. 8. True or False: Because the amendment process is so cumbersome, only 27 constitutional amendments have ever been proposed. False

9. Match the groups with their positions during the Constitutional Convention and ratification. Neither Antifederalists nor Federalists Both Antifederalists and Federalists Federalists Only Antifederalists Only argued that representatives must be “a true picture of the people” wanted a limited government believed the Bill of Rights was unnecessary attacked the elastic (or necessary and proper) clause 10. What is the method by which the United States selects its president? Electoral College 11. What effects did British taxes have on the American colonists before the Revolution? Correct Answers Incorrect Answers They hurt the economic interests of southern planters and New England merchants. They divided American colonists, with Middle Atlantic colonies benefiting at the expense of southern colonies. They fostered an alliance between merchants and laborers. They led to colonial representation in the British Parliament. 12. Which powers does the Constitution grant the president? Correct Answers Incorrect Answers vetoing legislation passed by Congress closing federal courts during emergency declarations granting pardons regulating commerce recognizing foreign countries declaring laws unconstitutional appointing major departmental personnel 13. What were the terms of agreement for the Great Compromise in the Constitutional Convention? Creation of two chambers in Congress: One based on population, the other on equal representation for each state. 14. Place in chronological order the events that led up to the end of the Articles of Confederation. First: Annapolis Convention Second: Shays’s Rebellion

Third: Constitutional Convention 15. Place the events in chronological order. First: Stamp Act Second: Boston Tea Party Third: Declaration of Independence Fourth: Articles of Confederation adopted Fifth: Constitution adopted 16. How did the Constitution differ from the Articles of Confederation? Match the correct document to its features. Articles of Confederation Constitution State laws and the state constitution are supreme. It created an executive branch of government. Amendments require the unanimous support of the states. The national government is granted the authority to maintain an army and navy. 17. Place these events surrounding the creation of the U.S. system of government in chronological order. First: Delegates gather at the Constitutional Convention. Second: The Federalist Papers are published. Third: The Constitution is ratified by the states. Fourth: The Bill of Rights is adopted. 18. Which statements accurately describe the Constitutional Convention of 1787? Correct Answers Incorrect Answers Many of the delegates were concerned with the protection of property. The delegates were only interested in personal financial gain. The convention was primarily organized by merchants and large planters. The delegates were not interested in fundamentally changing the structure of government. 19. Match each task or characteristic to whether it is reserved for the Senate, the House of Representatives, or both chambers. House Only Senate Only Both write revenue bills chosen for six-year terms approval required to enact laws more responsive to the public approve presidential appointments ratify treaties

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20. Match each amendment to its correct description. Fourteenth Amendment: defines citizenship and applies due process to the states. First Amendment: protects freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of the press. Thirteenth Amendment: abolished slavery Tenth Amendment: reserves certain rights for the states or people. 21. What powers did the Constitution grant to the judicial branch and the Supreme Court? Powers Granted by the Constitution Powers Not Granted by the Constitution lifetime appointments judicial review power to resolve conflicts between state and federal laws authority to determine its own size and composition

22. Upon the adoption of the Stamp and Sugar Acts, which sectors of society opposed the taxes and which supported or were indifferent towards the taxes? Supported the Taxes or Indifferent Opposed the Taxes royalists Southern planters New England merchants small farmers shopkeepers, artisans, and town workers 23. How did the Articles of Confederation limit the powers of the national government? Correct Answers Incorrect Answers All 13 states had to agree to amend the Articles after it was ratified. The national army was given very limited funding. Laws passed by the Congress could be carried out only by state governments. The president had a veto over all decisions made by the Congress. There was no president. 24. True or False: The inclusion of expressed powers in the U.S. Constitution resolves any ambiguity in the powers of the three branches of government. False 25. Which institution has the authority to act in each context? Executive Branch Judicial Branch Legislative Branch U.S. Steel reported a spill of toxic chemicals near Lake Michigan. Which branch is responsible for the enforcement of laws such as the Clean Water Act? Ohio passed a law banning abortions after a fetus becomes viable, and the American Civil Liberties Union is suing to overturn the law. Which branch settles disputes between state and federal laws? U.S. District Judge Samuel Kent was convicted of multiple counts of sexual abuse, which led to his impeachment. Which branch impeaches? 26. Which of the following were tensions at the Constitutional Convention of 1787? Correct Answer Incorrect Answer large states versus small states city power versus state power national power versus state power amending the Articles of Confederation versus replacing them completely slave states versus non slave states 27. What kind of government did Antifederalists want to develop? Correct Answer Incorrect Answer protection of the rights of the individual rule by the elite a confederation of small “republic” states a strong executive branch concentrated powers for the national government

28. How has the text and understanding of the Constitution changed over time? Correct Answer Incorrect Answer Courts have adapted the Constitution to fit modern circumstances. The states have petitioned to call a national convention. Congress has amended the Constitution, and the states have ratified the amendments. The president has amended the Constitution with an executive order. 29. Identify the beliefs and leaders of the Antifederalists and the Federalists. Antifederalists Federalists Patrick Henry Alexander Hamilton feared elite power feared “excessive democracy” argued for the inclusion of individual liberties favored a strong national government wanted states to retain more power 30. What successes did the Antifederalists have in influencing the Constitution? Correct Answer Incorrect Answer the ratification of the Bill of Rights the creation of the Supreme Court the limitation of the supremacy clause the appointment of senators  The Antifederalists were critical of members of government that were not directly responsive to the public.  The Antifederalists had a lasting impact on national politics—as many Antifederalists were elected to Congress and the White House—but they were generally unsuccessful in getting their ideas incorporated in the Constitution.

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31. Complete the following statement. Pg. 47 The division of power, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments is known as __ federalism__ . The division of power among several institutions that must cooperate in decision-making is known as __ separation of powers__ . 32. Which statements accurately describe the Annapolis Convention? Pg. 41-42 Correct Answer Incorrect Answer It initiated the movement toward the Constitutional Convention. The convention benefited from broad attendance. The attendees recognized the need to revise the Articles of Confederation. The delegates resolved to replace the Articles of Confederation. 33. Which constitutional features reflect a fear of tyranny of popular majorities? Pg. 46 Correct Answer Incorrect Answer the electoral college direct popular elections indirect election of senators closed primaries 34. Which statements about the colonist response to the Boston Massacre are accurate? Pg. 38 Correct Answer Incorrect Answer Support for the British among some Bostonians increased. Bostonians raided tea-carrying ships in Boston Harbor. Prominent Bostonians defended the soldiers who participated. Bostonians abandoned their radical efforts to oppose British authority.  The Boston Tea Party was the colonists’ response to the unfair trade practices of the East India Company and occurred later, in 1773. 35. Which rights are not explicitly mentioned in the U.S. Constitution but derived by the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Constitution? Pg. 62 Correct Answer Incorrect Answer Miranda Warning The right to a speedy trial Right to Privacy Judicial Review 36. Which constitutional features expand the power of the national government, and which limit it? Pg. 49-51 Limits the National Government’s Powers Expands the National Government’s Powers Bill of Rights the elastic clause checks and balances the supremacy clause Tenth Amendment

37. Complete the following statement. Pg. 48 The _ expressed powers_ of the Constitution grant specific powers to Congress. They _ limit_ Congress’s power. The _ elastic clause_ of the Constitution grants Congress the power to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out its duties. It _ expands_ Congress’s power.  The framers sought to create a national government strong enough to promote commerce and protect property from the radical state legislature, yet not so powerful to threaten individual liberties or property rights. 38. Study the Who Are Americans? infographic, and then answer the question that follows. Pg. 45 Identify the correct and incorrect statements. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer Senators are allocated equally across states, whereas the number of representatives per state varies. Representation in the First Congress was equitable for all states. Individuals in small states, such as Delaware, receive better representation than those in large states, such as Virginia. Large states, such as Virginia and North Carolina, benefited greatly in their representation whereas small states like Delaware and Rhode Island were severely disadvantaged in the First Congress.  The reverse is actually true. Comparing the population per member of Congress, Delaware was at 19,699 whereas Virginia was at 62,300, indicating that Virginia had a disadvantage because the system benefited small states.  The Great Compromise arose from an attempt to balance the interests of the large states and small states. Small states worried that representation based on population alone would render them without any power, and large states were opposed to strictly allocating representatives equally because it would dilute representation for their citizens. 39. Study the Who Are Americans? infographic, and then complete the following sentence. Pg. 45 In the 2019 Congress, _ Wyoming_ enjoyed the most representation (that is, the lowest population-to-member ratio), while _ Texas_ citizens had the least representation (that is, the greatest population-to-member ratio).  Large states like Texas are disadvantaged by the system granting each state equal representation in the U.S. Senate. It has one national representative per 755,312 citizens.

40. Study the Who Are Americans? infographic, and then complete the following sentence. Pg. 45 Comparing representation in the First Congress to representation in Congress in 2019, identify the correct and incorrect statements. Correct Answer Incorrect Answer Members of Congress have considerably more constituents to represent in 2019 compared to the First Congress. Whereas small states held an advantage in the First Congress, large states were advantaged in 2019, especially with respect to the Senate. New York had many more House members in the First Congress compared to 2019.  Small states have consistently had an advantage, particularly because representation in the Senate is equal for each state regardless of population. 41. Complete the following statement. Pg. 53 The Antifederalists were particularly concerned about the tyranny of _ elites_ , whereas the Federalists were primarily concerned about the tyranny of the _ majority_ .  Federalists had seen what tyranny of the majority had meant in several states under the Articles, and they wished to avoid it under the new Constitution.  Tyranny, that is, an oppressive government that employs cruel and unjust use of power and authority, was feared by both the Federalists and the Antifederalists. The features of the Constitution opposed by the Antifederalists were the very ones that the Federalists defended as the best hope for avoiding tyranny. 42. Which of the following were shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation? Pg. 40-42 Correct Answer Incorrect Answer The U.S. government could not enforce treaties. The national government failed to organize westward expansion. The U.S. government had no power to intervene when radical factions began influencing some state governments. Foreign commerce suffered because the national government had too many restrictive policies.  The passage of the Northwest Ordinance was one of the few successful areas of the Articles of Confederation.  The Articles had numerous flaws, but they laid the groundwork for a successful constitution. 43. What was one way the Federalists cultivated support for the Constitution? Pg. 54 They published the Federalist Papers.  The Federalist Papers were a collection of 85 essays written by several prominent Federalists. The essays sought to dispel the notion that a strong national government would be harmful for the country.

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44. Which of the following are examples of the powers of Congress under the Articles of Confederation? Pg. 40 Correct Answer Incorrect Answer coin or borrow money appoint a president make treaties levy taxes appoint senior officers of the United States Army regulate commerce between the states declare war  It is significant that there was no United States Army at that time; there were only state militias.  The Articles of Confederation created a weak central government that would ultimately have to be replaced. 45. Many of the conflicts that emerged during the Constitutional Convention reflected fundamental differences in slavery. Which statements about the question of slavery at the Convention are accurate? Pg. 44, 46 Correct Answer Incorrect Answer The Three-Fifths Compromise was essential to gaining the support of the delegates from southern states. The Three-Fifths Compromise gave enslaved people key rights in the political system. Most delegates from the northern states opposed counting the enslaved population in the apportionment of congressional seats. Southerners were split on whether the enslaved population should be included in the apportionment of congressional seats. Southern states like Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia would benefit from including the enslaved population in the apportionment of congressional seats.  Counting enslaved people as part of the population would increase slaveholding states’ power in Congress. More than 90 percent of the enslaved population resided in five states: Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia.  The framers believed that the Three-Fifths Compromise was necessary to bring the southern states into the Union. It did not end the debate on slavery, but it did determine how enslaved people would influence a state’s congressional representation. 46. What was the significance of the Boston Tea Party in the run-up to the American Revolution? Pg. 39 Correct Answer Incorrect Answer It provoked the British government to take action against the colonists. It ended the East India Company’s monopoly on the tea trade. It eased tensions with the British. It reversed the Tea Act.  Although many merchants in colonial America wanted to see the Tea Act reversed, the Boston Tea Party provoked a different response.

 The Boston Tea Party set in motion a cycle of increasing tensions that in 1774 led to the convening of the First Continental Congress.

American Federal Government - Chapter 2 Notes

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