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Chapter Nine-A Republic in Transition, 1800-1819
Thomas Jefferson
Aaron Burr
●
Democratic-Republican Party won the majority population vote but tied with Burr in the electoral college (Hamilton influenced his win)
Twelfth Amendment- Congress did away with the system of only casting Electoral College votes for president by providing for party tickets in future national elections
●
Inaugural Address, he asked Americans to come together for effort for the common good
and that they were all Republicans and Federalists
Revolution of 1800
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Jefferson described his election as this because it was the first transfer of power from the Federalists to Democratic-Republicans and resulted in a significant change in the official policies of the government of the United States -planned to limit power and expense (backfired)
●
1789 was Jeffersons' realization that urbanization and overpopulation were the causes of political and social corruption.
○
This led to a vision of small farmers and local tradesmen with a federal system of
sharing political power but placing greater governmental responsibilities in the hands of the states rather than in the national government
★
Free trade
Albert Gallatin- Secretary of Treasury
●
Worked to pay off the national debt and his economic policies tied the nation’s financial future to Western expansion and foreign trade
●
Jefferson wanted Americans to be able to own enough land to produce what they needed and more, purchase goods from overseas in a free market economy, and be free
to vote however
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To do this he had a reduction of national government including military (army ½, navy ), eliminated internal federal taxes, and sale of western land to encourage expansion
⅔
○
Purchased Louisiana from France
●
Hamilton wanted an urban manufacturing society while Jefferson wanted the national government to be financed solely by customs duties and western land sales and very limited in scope
○
he worked with Congress to reduce the national debt by half by the end of his first term
Barbary Coast pirates
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reduction in the navy made efforts to end tributes to the Barbary pirates difficult
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Ended in 1805 by Jefferson after blockading the coast of modern-day Algeria, Morocco, Tripoli, and Tunisia, and by ransoming captured Americans from Tripoli for $60,000
Judiciary Act of 1801 and the Midnight Judges
●
Expanded the size of federal courts but was a Federalist court-packing scheme to use the only branch of the government not under the control of the Democratic-Republican Party to prevent the dismantling of Hamilton’s programs and policies
●
Adams filled the new positions with Federalist lifetime appointees or midnight judges
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
●
A rebuffed appointee (Marbury) asked the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus against Madison
●
Chief Justice John Marshall's ruling (1803) established judicial review
Judicial Review- the power of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional if it violates the Constitution
●
Through this Marshall claimed the Court the authority to rule on the constitutionality of all
governmental activities
●
Republican members of the House were made at Federalist Justice Samuel P. Chase so
they charged him with partisanship in the Sedition Act cases as a threat to other Federalist judges and voted to impeach him but the Senate acquitted him of the charge
Louisiana Purchase
●
Jefferson dispatched Robert Livingston and James Monroe to France to try to purchase West Florida and New Orleans
●
Jeff didn't know if the Constitution needed a new amendment to enable the government to get new land so he settled for the implied powers to justify the purchase
○
he was still uncomfortable with his administration violating his previous advocating of a strict construction and interpretation of the powers conveyed by the Constitution
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
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The new land allowed him to make a plan of exploration from the west through the northern portion of the land led by Captain Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
Sacagawea- a Shoshone who guided and interpreted for them making their mission successful
Burr
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Wealthy NY politician, looked west for personal enrichment and self-status, dreamed of invading Mexico or Florida
●
Arrested for treason and charged with intending to lead a breakaway rebellion in the Southwest and create a separate republic in the Southwest
John Marshall
●
Jefferson refused to turn over subpoenaed documents and Chief Justice Marshall used a very narrow definition of treason with the absence of two witnesses to Burr’s plans, Burr was found not guilty
Strict interpretation- taking the words of a law or constitution at face value and not reading into them or applying them broadly
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
●
Jefferson went into his second term with a growing economy, growing nation, and debt falling, however, this was halted by European events
●
A conflict between England and France left America in the middle seizing ships
●
1807 British warship p Leopard searched the American frigate Chesapeake
after first firing to stop so British officers could inspect crew for navy deserters
Embargo Act
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Jefferson influenced Congress to pass an act that limited which American ships could sail into foreign ports and stopped foreign ships from export trades by closing American ports and keeping vessels thereThis leftt maritime shipping and related industries in chaos and farmers had trouble finding other markets for their produce
○
The economy settled into depression in 1808
●
Represented Jeffersons' failure of an agrarian political economy and were repeon aled March 1 1809 three days before he left office
Tertium Quids
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Republicans were split on different ideas and by 1808 a group was mad at Jefferson for acceptance of disputed land in the Yazoo Territory and his bribery of the French so they demanded action against Indian groups
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They were so made they formed their party, Tertium Quids, and threatened to support James Monroe instead of Madison- Jefferson’s logical successor in the upcoming election in 1808
Non-Intercourse Act- reopened trade with all of Europe except England and France unless they stopped interfering with American shipping
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American shipping was caught between Napoleon’s Continental System and Britain’s Orders-in-Council trying to destroy trade
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Madison requested the Congress to declare war on June 1, 1812, on Great Britain because the British navy continued to stop American vessels and impress American sailors into the British navy
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People from the West and South supported the war bc they thought British agents were causing Indian unrest to stop American expansion
●
Northerners didn't support it because it disrupted shipping more
War Hawks- chief supporters of the war, rash young congressmen, ex. Henry Clay (Kentucky) John C. Calhoun (SC)
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Urged Madison to adopt a belligerence policy in response to Britain's insulting naval policy
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1812 election Madison won vs DeWitt Clinton
●
The American military was poorly led, unprepared, unrealistic, and suffered significant losses
Oliver Hazard Perry (1812)
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●
Two attempted American invasions into Canada were forced by an army of Redcoats and former Loyalists who didn't wanna be part of the US
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1813 Commodore Perry forced the surrender of the entire British Great Lakes Squadron
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On the sea, the US tried to counter Britain by turning to private schooners and sloops that captured more than 1,300 British vessels
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British responded to failed Canadian invasions by landing troops fresh from defeating Napoleon in Europe and invaded, captured, and burned Washing DC (Aug 1814)
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Led to lawyer Francis Scott Key to write the words to The Star Spangled Banner while watching bombs bursting over Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor
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Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814) TN General Andrew Jackson defeated Red Stick Creeks and forced the tribe to cede of the Creek lands to the US
⅔
Hartford Convention
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Federalists were angry at declining profits of trade from war so they called a convention of New England States (Oct 1814) in Hartford Connecticut
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Called for restrictions on the power of Congress to declare war, possible secession from the Union, and removal of compromise
⅗
Treaty of Ghent
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Met at Ghent, Belgium (Dec 1814) and they signed a treaty that didn't address issues that caused the war but had Britain agree to remove troops from Northwest Territory
Battle of New Orleans (1815)
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Andrew Jackson commanded American forces, militia, freemen, and Jean Lafittle’s pirates
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Stopped a British invasion force of 7,500 regulars, victorious, launched Jackson’s political career that led to the presidency ○
Brought the Hartford Convention to an end and Federalists were never a political force in politics again
●
between War of 1812- 40s was a period of revolutionary social, political, and economic change in the new republic
Market revolution-
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During “Market Revolution” period after 1815 BC economy declined in self-sufficiency, expanded long-distance markets, a decline of barter, and the growing importance of contracts ●
Following the War of 1812 paternalistic employment arrangements declined in favor of wage dependency and labor contracts
●
Market Economy demonstrated that it was not without fault by creating the Panic of 1819
●
war in Europe (1790-1815) affected American agriculture and trade by creating an opportunity for American farmers and shippers
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American vessels sailed the world carrying farm products and manufactured goods found in India, the East Indies, China Japan, the Pacific coast of North America, and the
eastern coast of South America
●
also served as a carrier for those Europeans wishing to flee the resulting political disruption
●
After the Treaty of Ghent Americans went west caused of Congressional action to sell federal lands on credit
○
Before 1800 congress approved the sale of land at a dollar per acre in sections of 640 acres which restricted sales primarily to speculators
●
Bc of OH William Henry Harrison buyers would only have to buy 320 acres and could use credit with spread-out payments
●
Industrial Revolution
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Improved bridges made travel easier
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Watt's steam engine triggered the revolution and was the most impacting invention
○
First in Britain then in the US
Robert Fulton, Robert Livingston and the powered steamboat-
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Robert Livingston and Fuller launched the first financially successful steamboat franchise in 1807
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River trade was expanded by its ability to go up and downstream
DeWitt Clinton and the Erie Canal
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DeWitt Clinton NY mayor proposed the building of the Erie Canal connecting Buffalo to Albany which required an elaborate system of aqueducts and locks but reduced the cost of shipping by 90% from $100 a ton to around $10 a ton
Samuel Slater- Replicated the English water-powered carding and spinning machines
Eli Whitney- invented the cotton gin
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Both pioneered the Industrial Revolution in the US
Francis Cabot Lowell and the Waltham System
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developed the first mechanized textile mill in the United States tied integration of textile production from fiber to finished clothes
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He provided supervised housing associated with his mills for his workforce of unmarried women from the surrounding countryside
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John Jacob Astor (first American millionaire) and others pioneered the expansion of trade with China (changed how they worked at what they consumed)
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Chief Marshall continued to strengthen the power of the courts to be the arbiters of the law
Dartmouth v. Woodward
(1819)
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Supreme Court upheld the sanctity of contracts under Article VI of the Constitution and prevented New Hampshire from turning the private college into a state university
McCulloch v. Maryland
(1819)
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ruled a state could not tax an institution created by the federal government because the power to tax it could lead to the power to destroy it
●
the Court upheld the right of the national government to exercise the implied power doctrine to create a national bank
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) ●
Court ruled that the national government had authority over internal waterways because the Constitution gave the national government the power to regulate commerce
●
world of contracts, patents, and land claims, lawyers and judges became increasingly important as they argued, defined, interpreted, and applied the law
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After 1815, most members of the United States Congress were engaged in the practice of law
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American expansion into the Northwest Territory and the upper regions of the South collided with Native American economic practices
●
Americans, including Jefferson, believed the Indians had no choice but to adapt to American cultural values and abandon their traditions
○
resulted in an Indian revitalization movement designed to cleanse followers of their Euro-American practices. Tecumseh and the Prophet
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Two Shawnee leaders, Tecumseh and his half-brother Tenskwatawa known as the Prophet, organized a pan-Indian confederation to reject all aspects of white culture William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe Creek
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Governor William Henry Harrison of Indiana attacked the Prophet in 1811 at his village on the Tippecanoe River and won
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Tecumseh’s death on the battlefield in 1814 marked the end of organized Indian resistance to white advances east of the Mississippi River (aligned with the British in the 1812 War)
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Other employers worried about wages, work contracts, and environments
Revivalism and the Second Great Awakening
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Religion in New England after the War of 1812 saw the rise of splinter groups such as Unitarianism which enticed manufacturers and businessmen, also held a positive view of
human nature and universal salvation
○
Unitarianism- Christian theology stating god is one person contrasting the doctrine of the Trinity and He is separate from Christ
●
Southerners were drawn to evangelical faiths like Methodism And Baptist practices
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●
The 19th century awoke the second religious revival abolition tradition and demanded more emotion and personal fulfillment
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Religion remained a very important part of American life since most Americans drew their concepts of an ideal society from the language of Protestant Christianity
Joseph Smith (NY farmer) and the Book of Mormon
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Founded the first homegrown American religion, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-
Day Saints, when producing translations of golden tablets describing God’s intentions for
the latter days of creation in the Book of Mormon
Review Questions (Answer all parts)
1.
Why did President Thomas Jefferson refer to the election of 1800 as a revolution?
Jefferson described his election as this because it was the first transfer of power from the Federalists to Democratic-Republicans and resulted in a significant change in the official policies of the government of the United States shifting political ideology.
2.
What/who were the Jeffersonian Republicans?
The Jeffersonian Republicans was a political party founded by Jefferson and Madison also known as Democratic-Reoublicans. They were very committed to American republicanism, opposed corruption, insisted on virtue, and advocated for limited federal government, agrarian society, and individual/state rights opposing Federalists.
3.
How did Jefferson’s domestic policy differ from his two predecessors?
Washington and Adams both had Federalist policies, however, Jefferson was a member of the opposing party and favored limited government power and spending and promoted an agrarian society. He believed in free trade and wanted Americans to unite despite different beliefs.
4.
What issues led to the War of 1812 with Great Britain?
England and France interfering with American shipping led to the war. Napoleon's Continental System and Britain's Order-in-Council were attempting to destroy trade and win the war and America was caught in between because they would not accept neutrality. The British navy kept stopping American ships and forcing them to join their navy.
5.
How did the United States attempt to counter Britain’s superior sea power? On the seas, the United States attempted to counter Britain's sea power by turning to privately owned sloops and schooners, small measurable vessels, and captured over 1,300 British ships through privateering and disrupted British trade.
6.
Why was there such unrest during the War of 1812 in New England?
New England was heavily reliant on trade, specifically with Britain, so war between the two nations was heavily disruptive. British naval blockades and restrictions led to economic hardship for New England merchants and shipowners. It also opposed the embargoes and trade restrictions created to try to maintain neutrality from European conflicts.
7.
What was the market revolution? What concrete changes did it make in Americans’ daily lives?
The market revolution was the period after 1815 in which the economy's decline of self-
sufficiency, connected the US to global markets, a decline of barter, and the importance of formal contracts and bookkeeping. From this point on, protective employment agreements were replaced in favor of labor contracts and wage dependency ultimately transforming American business and global trade.
8.
What was the long-range importance of the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition?
The expedition aided in geographical and scientific knowledge of the land to the west, expanded
the fur trade, and strengthened US claims to the Pacific. Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark out on a mission to evaluate the environment and geology, assess the possibility of trade with the Indians, and look for a river route to the Pacific. It helped America acquire land and influenced them to keep expanding westward.
9.
By 1816, were the differences between the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans matters of politics, principle, or both?
By this time Federalists favored a stronger federal government and centralized power, were conservative and pro-British policy, and wanted a strong economy and national bank. Meanwhile, Democratic Republicans believed in the opposite advocating limited government, more power to the states, supported the French, and opposed the bank and strong army. Their principals different in the fact Federalists believed in a loose interpretation of the Constitution with implied powers while Democratic Republicans believed in strict interpretation saying
government only shows powers explicitly stated. Federalists were more elitist and merchant class oriented while Democratic Republicans were populist and had agrarian visions.
10. What accounts for the rise of the Second Great Awakening?
After the war of 1812, splinter groups arose like Unitarianism which was the belief God is one person separate from Christ leading to the disestablishment of the Congregational church. Southerners were being drawn to evangelical faiths like Methodism and Baptism practices. Religion was a very important part of American life and abandoned traditions and became more emotional and centered around personal fulfillment.
11. What were the main themes of Jefferson’s presidency?
Some of the main themes of Jefferson’s presidency was to limit federal power, lower national debt, free trade, and an agrarian society. Jefferson believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution and wanted to reduce federal bureaucracy and lower debt by reducing military spending. He promoted an agrarian society and promoted westward expansion to achieve this from the Louisiana purchase. He also believed that an open international economy would
benefit the United States in the long run.
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