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Electromagnetism Beta Activity © 2023 PEER Physics Page 12 E LECTROMAGNETISM N ATURE OF S CIENCE R EADING Instructions: The purpose of this Nature of Science reading is to contextualize and formalize the Crosscutting Concepts and Science Practices from this activity. Physics principles (Disciplinary Core Ideas) were formalized in the Scientist’s Ideas reading. These three pieces– Crosscutting Concepts (CCCs), Science Practices (SEPs), and Disciplinary Core Ideas (DCIs) - are often referred to as “the Three Dimensions” of science learning. As you read, consider the ways you engaged in and with the three dimensions throughout this activity. M.EMa CCCs – Unification of models using new evidence: When scientists are faced with evidence of a relationship between different phenomena, they can combine ideas from previously separate models to develop explanations and make cause- and-effect claims. Empirical evidence can sometimes lead to surprising, but significant, conclusions. As scientists explore phenomena, they collect evidence from experiments and interpret that evidence by applying ideas from scientific models. It is normal for surprising conclusions to come out of this interpretation of evidence. There have been many moments in the history of science where scientists did not expect to make certain observations, or were surprised by the claims their observations led them to make. These moments are important to highlight gaps in our understanding of phenomena, and they can lead to different kinds of scientific advancements. The most common kind of advancement is the revision of a scientific model, and you’ve engaged in this process multiple times yourself, as you collected new evidence and revised your scientific models for phenomena to account for this new evidence. In more rare cases, the scientific advancement that can come out of an unexpected observation or conclusion is unification . This is when scientists are able to find relationships between phenomena that had previously been explained with different kinds of models. These relationships between phenomena provide evidence for scientists to try and explain them using a single, combined model. In this activity, you encountered and made sense of evidence that supported this kind of advancement - the unification of current electricity and magnetism into one, single phenomenon, called electromagnetism . Ideas from different models can help scientists make cause-and-effect claims about a single, unified phenomenon. In this activity you explored the relationship between current electricity and magnetism in multiple different ways, and you applied ideas from your models of current electricity and magnetism to make sense of the evidence you collected. For instance: • When you observed that an electric current flowing through a wire was able to influence the direction of a compass needle, you probably applied ideas about electric current and the direction of electron movement to try and explain why. • When you explored a simulated model of a circuit without a power source and observed how the motion of a magnet could induce (cause) an electric current, you

Electromagnetism Beta Activity © 2023 PEER Physics Page 13 probably applied ideas about magnetic poles and the direction of magnetic domains to try and explain why. In these explorations, you needed to try and relate ideas about seemingly separate phenomena to develop cause-and-effect explanations for how they might actually be related to each other. You did this in two ways, first making claims about how an object’s magnetic properties can be the effect of an electric current flowing nearby ( cause ), and then making claims about how the electric current flowing in a circuit can be the effect of a magnet moving nearby ( cause ). Your observations support a very historically significant conclusion: that the phenomena of current electricity and magnetism are not just related, they are different real-world expressions of the same underlying phenomenon of electromagnetism . M.EMb SEPs – Developing models for relationships between phenomena: Scientists unify their understanding of different phenomena by designing experiments, reflecting on their data, and making claims about connections between variables. Drawing ideas from separate models of phenomena to create a unified model for a more complex, single phenomenon is a challenging process, but it occurs all the time in science. Unifying explanations for different phenomena allows scientists to make our complex world seem a bit more simple, which in turn gives our society the ability to manipulate it to create new things and improve our lives. In this activity, you engaged in the practice of developing a unified understanding of current electricity and magnetism, and you did so through a step- by-step process where you needed to evaluate new observations using your models and make claims about new relationships. Throughout the explorations, you needed to evaluate how the new data you were gathering influenced your understanding of the unified phenomenon of electromagnetism . Making qualitative claims about the relationships between seemingly different phenomena requires multiple different kinds of observations. § You started this activity by designing your own experiment using a compass and circuit-building materials. The observations you made in your experiment allowed you to make qualitative claims about how a compass can be affected in different ways, depending on the properties of an electric current flowing nearby. § Then you created magnetic properties in a unmagnetized nail by wrapping it with wire and running an electric current through the wire. From your observations, you made claims about the properties of current electricity that could be affecting the magnetic properties you were observing in the nail. Up to this point you had only observed how an electric current could induce magnetic properties in objects, not the other way around, so these observations led you to expand the details of your model.

Electromagnetism Beta Activity © 2023 PEER Physics Page 14 By combining the observations you made in these different explorations, you developed cause-and-effect claims about the relationships between current electricity and magnetism. These kinds of claims are the first building blocks in your understanding of a larger and more complex phenomenon - electromagnetism - which our society harnesses in much of the technology we use in our everyday lives. For instance, building the electric motors in refrigerators, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, and microwaves all depend on our understanding of electromagnetism. E LECTROMAGNETISM 3D Q UESTIONS Respond to the following questions individually in your lab notebook: 1. Discuss how magnets behave differently from electrostatically charged objects, for instance a balloon rubbed with fur. 2. Summarize the relationship between magnetism and current electricity. Explain which of the experiments you conducted in this activity convinced you of this relationship, and why. 3. Did you expect current electricity and magnetism to be related in some way before this activity? If so, why? If not, why not? 4. In your own words, describe why “unification” is an important goal in science. 5. Do your observations in this activity lead you to think any differently about what “magnetic domains” are? If so, why? If not, why not? 6. How would you describe the relationship between the direction of electric current and the direction of magnetic force that it creates? 7. When exploring the simulated model, how was the direction of motion of the magnet near the coils of wire related to the direction of electric current induced in the circuit?

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