Lab #3 Voltage and Current Part 1 AP

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Physics

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Apr 3, 2024

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1 Lab Report#3 Name: Arthur Perry Partner’s Name: Naveen Praba General Physics 2, Section 008 Experiment Performed: 2/15/2024 Lab Report Due: 2/29/2024 1. Objective (0.3 points) The objective of this experiment is to observe and understand how voltage and cur- rent are produced and measured using the Capstone interface. Additionally we learn how voltage and current are effected in resistors. 2. Description We skipped sections 6.2 3. Theory Voltage , also referred to as potential difference, between two points results in work being done by the electric field when moving a charge, electrons, from one point to the other. This work is path-independent. Voltage, measured in joules per coulomb (J/C) or Volts (V), always involves two specified points. Assume the Earth is assumed to be an equipotential, and voltages are commonly referenced to "ground." Batter- ies, power supplies, and signal generators generate voltage. In circuits, wires are often treated as equipotentials, simplifying measurements. AC voltage alternates with time, with the time-dependent voltage defined by a pe- riod (T) and frequency (f or ν ). The shape of voltage vs. time graph is wavelike, with common types being sine, square, triangular, and ramp. A voltmeter connected in parallel measures voltage between two points on a conductor. Ideal voltmeters

2 draw minimal current, ensuring accurate measurements without significantly af- fecting voltage. 2.2 While current can be characterized for charges in motion outside conductors, our primary focus lies in understanding the net charge flow within conducting materials. In the case of a wire, current is defined as the quantity of charge passing a specific point in the wire within a unit time and in a designated direction. This is is where we get units of coulombs per second (C/s) or amperes (A). Measuring current in a wire involves breaking the wire and connecting its two ends to an ammeter, a device designed for current measurement. The measured current flows through the ammeter. Essentially, to determine the current passing through a resistor, it is essential to position the ammeter in series with the resistor. 2.3 In a conductor mobile charges flow in the presence of an electric field. When an electric field is applied to a conductor, these charges align with the field on the con- ductor's surface. However, the force from the electric field on the charges faces op- position from frictional forces making it challenging for current to flow. A compo- nent designed to interrupt current flow is referred to as a resistor. If V represents the voltage across a resistor and I is the current through it, it is often observed that the ratio V/I approximates a constant, known as resistance (R), measured in ohms ( Ω ). This relationship, known as Ohm's Law, is expressed as V = I R Equation 1 2.4 When two resistors, R1 and R2, are connected in series, the resulting combination is equivalent to a single resistor, R, determined by the formula R = R1 + R2. Con- versely, if two resistors are connected in parallel, their equivalent resistance, R, is calculated using the formula 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 Equations 2. 4. Procedure

3 Every sections but 6.2 was done in this lab. 5. Data and Calculations 6.1 Table 1: Voltage measure across 10Ω & 30Ω resistors Table 2: Voltage and Current measured and Resistance calculated using (R=V/I)

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