H-R Diagram lab Worksheet.docx

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H-R Diagram lab Worksheet These lab activities have evolved over years of use in Clemson University’s Department of Physics and Astronomy general astronomy laboratory. Contributors include Tom Collins, Mark Leising, Neil Miller, Peter Milne, Grant Williams, Donna Mullenax, Jessica Crist, Keith Davis, Amber Porter, Lea Marcotulli, and David Connick. Please direct all questions, complaints, and corrections to David Connick (dconnic@clemson.edu) who is responsible for all errors and omissions. Name _ Andrew Birchler ___________ Figure 1 Analysis 1) Where are the Red Giants located (i.e., what range of Luminosity and color or temperature)? Red giants are located around a luminosity of 10^3 solar units and are located in the red color area of the diagram which means that they are relatively cooler. 2) Name all the Red Giants in Figure 1. Aldebaran, Antares, Betelgeuse, Arcturus, Pollux 3) Explain why stars in Figure 1 can have a larger “True Brightness” than our brightest star, Sirius A. They can have a higher true brightness because they are also further away which makes them appear less bright to us on earth. While Sirius is closer to us than these stars so it appears much brighter in the night sky. Additionally, other stars on the diagram are larger which makes them more brighter 4) What type of star is Sirius A’s companion, Sirius B? White dwarf 5) In what category does our star the sun currently reside in? Main sequence Read further in the instructions before answering the next set of questions. Figure 2 Analysis 6) Describe the distribution of bright stars on the H-R diagram in Figure2. What type of stars are present, and which are missing? The majority of the bright stars on the diagram are very hot, blue stars. There are not as many cooler red stars on the diagram. The bright stars are main sequence stars and super giants but no white dwarfs and red giants 7) Describe the distribution of nearby stars on the H-R diagram in Figure 2. What type of stars are present, and which are missing? The nearby stars are made up of mostly cooler red stars, not as many hot blue stars. There are mostly main sequence stars and some white dwarfs with no giants or super giants 8) Explain why the diagrams of these two groups of stars are different.
The difference in appearance is because many of the stars formed in groups and evolved together. So the bright stars which are far away evolved at a different rate than our sun and other closer stars. Return to the instructions prior to answering the next set of questions. Structure of our Galaxy 9) With a view of the stars in the plane of the Milky Way galaxy analyze the H-R diagram, looking at where the stars are concentrated in the diagram. What are the Luminosity and Spectral Type boundaries that you see for the group of stars in the diagram? The diagram shows stars with luminosity between 5 and -5 and whose spectral boundaries span the entire range of the diagram 10) With a view of the stars far outside the plane of the Milky Way galaxy analyze the H-R diagram, looking at where the stars are concentrated in the diagram. What are the Luminosity and Spectral Type boundaries that you see for the group of stars in the diagram? The stars outside of the milky way have a luminosity of between 0 and 5 and spectral boundaries of B to G with some stars at spectral class M 11) What do the differences in the H-R diagrams in the previous two questions tell you about the stars inside the galaxy compared to the stars outside the galaxy? (Think about lifetime of stars based on spectral class from the table in the introduction) The stars inside our galaxy are brighter than the stars outside of our galaxy Return to the instructions prior to answering the next set of questions. Open Clusters and Globular Clusters 12) Do open clusters appear to lie in/near the disk of the Milky Way? Yes 13) Do globular clusters appear to lie in/near the disk of the Milky Way? They are in the milky way but not directly in the disk of the milky way 14) Look at the images in the info panel of the open clusters and compare them with images of globular clusters. What are the main differences between the two types of clusters visually? The open clusters appear to be more colorful while the globular clusters are mainly just white. Also the globular clusters are more compact and the open clusters are more spread out Return to the instructions for more information prior to answering the next set of questions. Age of Clusters
15) If the Sun were part of a cluster of stars that all formed at the same time and a distant observer noted that the Sun had begun to move off the main sequence, how old would that cluster be? Explain. About 10 billion years old. According to the diagram that would be the age that stars in that specific cluster would begin to move off the main sequence. 16) Which cluster is older, Praesepe or M67? Why? M67 is older as it can be seen that it branched off of the main sequence. 17) What is the absolute visual magnitude of the turn off of Praesepe? About 3 18) Roughly estimate the ages of both clusters: Praesepe- about 1 billion M67 – about 10 billion Return to the instructions for more information before answering the next set of questions. H-R Diagram of Beehive Cluster Copy the chart you create just below this line. ____________________________________________________________________________
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19) What is the distance to the Beehive cluster from Earth in light years? The average distance of the cluster to earth is about 610 light years from earth. 20) What do you notice about the luminosities of the stars plotted compared to that of our own sun? The stars that were plotted have luminosities that are significantly higher than that of our own sun, the lowest luminosities are about 25 times that of our sun. 21) At what luminosity and Color Index values does the H-R diagram you created appear to “turn off” the main sequence? What does this tell you about the age of the cluster? At a luminosity of 25 and a color index of roughly 0.4 to 0.5. This tells us the cluster is roughly 4 billion years old.

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