LAB 3 PHYSICS

P. 1 Jonathan Cruz Dr. Pinelis General Physics Lab 2/10/2024 Tuesday Class Abstract In our lab conducted in class was to demonstrate projectile motion. Projectile motion is the motion of an object or particle that is thrown or projected into the air and moves along a curved path under the influence of gravity only. To successfully complete our lab, we were able to break down the lab into two parts. The first part was an experiment to calculate an object being shot at a Zero-degree angle. Part 1 included a Launcher at a height of 1.001 degrees. The launcher would shoot out a metal ball. Where the ball would land, that would determine our displacement. Lab 1 allowed us to determine velocity that will be used in part two. Part two will include the Launder positioned at an angle. To conclude the results of part one, we shot the metal ball 3 times. Shooting the ball 3 times, lets us calculate the average displacement. To get the velocity of the ball when shot, we need distance over time. In this scenario we got time with the equation (square2 times Height)/ gravity. The time calculated in part one will be .451 seconds since the average displacement was 2.63 meters. Once we got our velocity in part one, we were able to move on to part two. Part 2 helped us learn about projectiles and to verify their desertion in kinematics. Our goal was to calculate the displacement with an angle of 10 degrees. To start part two, we got our experimental displacement. To get the displacement experimental, we calculated 3 displacements distanced and divided by 3. The displacement came out to be 3.51m. We continued to get the Vox. To get to Vox, we calculated the Vo from part 1 and multiplied it by cos (10). Vox is the initial velocity in the x direction. Then we had to calculate Voy to get the time in part 2. TO get Voy we just multiplied V with Sin (10). Our Voy came out to be 1.014. Time can be calculated by Voy + ( Square root Voy^2 + 2* g * h) divided by gravity. Our time for part 2 was .575 seconds. Having time and Vox will gi e use Displacement Theoretical. Having Displacement theoretical we can calculate error percentage of the experiment. The percentage error let us see if we got results correctly. Error percentage can be calculated by Dexp-D the divided by D the multiplied by 100. Our percent error was 6.36%.The lab allows to see the projectile displacement calculated with and without an angle. Background Projectile motion is the motion of an object or particle that is thrown or projected into the air and moves along a curved path under the influence of gravity only. Velocity is defined as a vector measurement of the rate and direction of motion. Put simply, velocity is the speed at which something moves in one direction. Displacement is important when analyzing an object change in position. If an object moves relative to a reference frame. Projectile motion is the motion of an object thrown (projected) into the air when, after the initial force that launches the object, air resistance is negligible and the only other force that object experiences is the force of gravity. The object is called a projectile, and its path is called its trajectory. Air resistance is a frictional force that slows its motion and can significantly alter the trajectory of the motion. Due to the difficulty in calculation, only situations in which the deviation from projectile motion is negligible and air resistance can be ignored are considered in introductory physics. That approximation is often quite accurate.

P. 2 Jonathan Cruz Dr. Pinelis General Physics Lab 2/10/2024 Tuesday Class The most important concept in projectile motion is that when air resistance is ignored, horizontal and vertical motions are independent, meaning that they don’t influence one another. Vox is the initial velocity in the x direction12. It is a component of the initial velocity vector, which can be broken down into horizontal and vertical components using the angle12. Vox is constant because there is no horizontal acceleration2. Vox can be calculated by multiplying the initial velocity by the cosine of the angle. Along the x axis the acceleration is equal to 0 and therefore the velocity Vx is constant and is given by Vx = V0 cos(θ) Along the y axis, the acceleration is uniform and equal to - g and the velocity at time t is given by. Vy = V0 sin(θ). Percent errors mean how accurate our results are when we measure something. Smaller percentage errors mean that we are close to the true/accepted value. Materials - Launcher - Metal Ball - 2 meter stick - Carbon paper - White paper - Leveler - Plumbing bob - Tape Procedures Part 1 1. Begin by gathering all your materials needed. Materials listed above. 2. The launcher for part one will have a 0-degree slope. Using a leveler, you can verify there is no unevenness. 3. Using a pluming bob, tie it to the edge of the launcher to assure it is straight down. Mark where the plumbing bob is with an X. 4. From the X mark, measure the height from the X to the point of the launcher. 5. Once you have the X mark the height and assured it is leveled you may begin to launch the metal ball. 6. Place the metal ball in the launcher and launch it. Launch by pulling the pushrod back and releasing. 7. The first shot will be to determine where to place the Carbon paper and the white paper. The white paper will go on top so the carbon paper can mark it on the bottom. The paper is used to mark the displacement of the metal ball. Tape the paper on the side closer to the launcher and raise open towards the launcher.

P. 4 Jonathan Cruz Dr. Pinelis General Physics Lab 2/10/2024 Tuesday Class Part 1. 1) Displacement = (2.56 +2.66+2.67)/3 = 2.63 m 2) t= √ 2 ∗ h g = √ 2 ∗ 1.001 9.81 m / s = .451s 3) Vo = d/t = 5.84 m/s Part 2. 1) Dexp =( 3.47+3.50+3.55)/3 =3.51m 2) Vox = Vo* Cos(10) = 5.84 * Cos (10) = 5.74 m 3) Voy = Vo *sin(10) = 1.014 4) t= √ ( Voy ) 2 + 2 ∗ g ∗ H 9.81 m / s = √ 5.74 2 + 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 1.04 9.81 m / s =0.574s 5) Dth = Vox * t =3.3m 6) Error % = (Dex-Dth)/Dth *100= 6.36 % Results Our lab was broken down into two parts. The first part included launching the metal ball 3 times to get an average displacement. Before we shot the ball, we recorded the height in which the ball would be shot at. The height of the launcher at a even placement ) degress was 1.001 m. We launched the ball 3 times. The distances were 2.56, 2.66, and 2.67, giving us a displacement of 2.63m for the average. Once we got our displacement, we calculated the time using the height and gravity force. The time get got for the ball being launched and hitting the floor was .451s. With D and T, we were able to get our Velocity, being determined to be 5.84 m/s. Part two of our results began with taking the height of the launcher with a new angle of 10 degrees. Once we recorded our height of 1.04m, we launched the ball 3 times. The displacements of the ball were 3.47, 3.50, and 3.55, giving us an avg of 3.51m displacement. We then calculated the Vox using our part 1 Vo and the cos(10). The Vox for our experiment was 5.74m. We then calculated out Voy using Vo again and Sin(10), giving us a Voy of 1.014. With Voy and Vox we could calculate our t. = √ 5.74 2 + 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 1.04 9.81 m / s = giving us a time of .057s. Having a time and Vox, it lets us calculate our theoretical displacement that was 3.3m.With out D experimental and our D theoretical, we got our error percent. Our error percent was, (Dex-Dth)/Dth *100= 6.36 %. Conclusion Projectile motion is the motion of an object being projected into the air. Once the launch is being carried out, the working force of gravity does its job and sends the object. In a projectile motion, an angle will play a role in the displacement. The gravity force will not change, since the impact is minimal.

P. 5 Jonathan Cruz Dr. Pinelis General Physics Lab 2/10/2024 Tuesday Class By comparing both displacements, one with an angle and the other one with no angle we can compare the effect of projectile motion. We were able to calculate the time and displacement to calculate velocity measurements of an object. Being able to calculate displacement and working formulas allows us to predict results. Learning the error of percentage is important to conclude accurate results. Understanding projectile motion is important to many engineering designs that include a projectile. Projectile motion emphasizes one important aspect of constant acceleration that even constant acceleration, which is essentially unidirectional, can produce two-dimensional motion. Our results on our experiment determined that the angle impacts the distance and the displacement. The time and displacement increased when there was a greater angle in this situation.