Workbook 12
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California State University, Fullerton *
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Course
371
Subject
Philosophy
Date
Jan 9, 2024
Type
Pages
8
Uploaded by lpacheco22
Workbook 12
Important message:
The work book is designed to guide you to do the reading, listen to the presentation, and watch
the videos. It therefore reflects all of these segments. On the other hand it is meant to help you do
the quiz (which is intended to test your understanding of the entire content of the course as
reflected in all the segments). So without reading the texts or watching the videos or listening to
the presentation, one cannot correctly do the workbook. And without doing the workbook, one
cannot correctly do the quiz.
Instructions:
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Presentation
1.
How did Muslim Philosophy emerge?
Muslim Philosophy emerged as an outcome of translated pieces from Greek in
practical areas like medicine, astrology, and alchemy.
2.
What helped the acceleration to Islamic Philosophy?
The support from the Abbasid dynasty helped the acceleration of Islamic
Philosophy.
3.
What is Islamic philosophy?
Islamic Philosophy can be described as an integration of Greek philosophy into
Islamic ideas.
4.
What is the difference between Greek philosophy and Islamic philosophy?
Islamic Philosophy uses reason to solve problems of human intellect.
5.
What is the conclusion of Muslim Philosopher about God?
They made the conclusion using philosophical arguments as a way to prove the
existence of God. They insisted that it was impossible for God to be non-existent.
Video:
-
Watch the video and write a short observation about it. Talk about either what
the
scholar said or the implication of what he said regarding specific things (Muslims and
their attitudes and diversity; or the West and their attitudes and actions; etc.).
-
Your observation must answer what you understand or notice about the video; what was
interesting about the video, how did he sound like a philosopher ? Be specific.
-
Your observation must be
five (5) lines and more (not less).
Dr. Syed Hussein Nasser sounded like a philosopher in the video since he discussed the
complexity of Islamic history, the differences that are present between cultures, and their
relationships with others. Dr. Syed Hussein Nasser also discussed the many beliefs of
Muslims. In the video, it was touched on how Islam is growing at a faster rate than ever
before and how it is spreading around the world and becoming more common in large
countries such as the United States. During the video, he can be heard emphasizing that
there are repercussions for what has been occurring within the Muslim world. Lastly, Dr.
Syed Hussein Nasser emphasized that Muslims needed to change their attitude to be
understanding about the growth of Islam. The historical information that Dr. Nasser
presented within the video about
the West’s attitude and
presence was very interesting.
Saeed:
1.
What does Philosophy literally mean?
The word Philosophy literally translates to meaning ‘love and wisdom.’
2.
On what is Philosophy based?
Philosophy is based on the attempt to understand reality in a rational manner.
3.
When was philosophy considered a handmaiden of theology in the West?
It was during the Middle Ages when philosophy was considered as the handmaiden
of theology.
4.
Who was the first Greek philosopher?
The first Greek philosopher was Thales of Miletus.
5.
Whose philosophical teachings adhered to an ethically influenced analysis?
Socrates was the philosopher whose teachings adhered to an ethically influenced
analysis.
6.
Who founded the academy to educate philosophers?
Plato was the founder of the academy to educate philosophers.
7.
Who was one of the greatest empiricists and began a peripatetic school?
One of the greatest empiricists who also began a peripatetic school was Aristotle.
8.
Which philosophical group who believed that nothing can be known for certain?
The philosophical group that believed that nothing can be known for certain are the
Sceptics.
9.
Which philosophical group was began with Ammonius Saccas?
Neoplatonism is the philosophical group that began with Ammonius Saccas.
10.
According to which theory the levels of existence come from the existence of the One?
According to the theory that the Neoplatonists developed, levels of existence come
from the existence of the One.
11.
Name two notable Near Eastern philosophers who wrote on Greek works:
Two notable Near Eastern philosophers who wrote on Greek works are Jacob of
Edessa and Severus Sebokht.
12.
In the 7
th
century, important centers for Greek learning included Harran, Jundishapur and
……..?
In the 7
th
century, important centers for Greek learning included Harran,
Jundishapur, and Egypt.
13.
Why did Greek thought go through a transformation?
Greek thought underwent a transformation due to the interaction with the thought
of different cultures in the East.
14.
What provided the first major contact between Muslims and the learning inspired by the
Greeks?
The conquest of Egypt and Iraq resulted in the first significant contact between
Muslims and the learning that was inspired by the Greeks.
15.
In the court of which Muslim dynasty were the scholars of Harran and Jundishapur
influential?
The scholars of Harran and Jundishapur were influential in the Abbasid court.
16.
In how many ways was Greek philosophy transmitted to Arab Muslims?
Greek philosophy was transmitted to Arab Muslims in two different ways.
17.
Greek philosophy was transmitted to Muslims through translation and what?
As a result of the ongoing interest in medical research.
18.
In what century were philosophical, scientific and medical works translated into Arabic?
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During the 8
th
century, philosophical, scientific, and medical works were translated
into Arabic.
19.
Who was one of the people who translated the earliest philosophical works into Arabic?
One of the people who translated the earliest philosophical works into Arabic was
Hunayn b. Ishaq.
20.
Which Muslim scholar wrote on Indian philosophical and religious beliefs?
Al-Biruni is a Muslim scholar who wrote on Indian philosophical and religious
beliefs.
21.
Name two of the great Muslim figures in Islamic thought who were Persians?
Two of the great Muslim figures in Islamic thought who were Persians are Ibn Sina
and al-Razi. (also, al-Ghazali).
22.
Who was considered the first Arab-Muslim Philosopher?
Al-Kindi is considered to be the first Arab-Muslim Philosopher.
23.
What were Muslim philosophers interested in?
Muslim philosophers were interested in harmonizing rationality and religious faith.
24.
What were Muslim philosophers’ view on the Neoplatonic conception of universe?
Muslim philosophers viewed the Neoplatonic conception of the universe as being
consistent with Islamic beliefs.
25.
The two main types of Muslim philosophic literature included commentaries on texts,
and ……..?
The two main types of Muslim philosophic literature included commentaries on
texts and independent creative works.
26.
Which institution was founded during the Abbasid period for scholarly activity and
translation?
The institution of the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikma) was founded during the
Abbasid period for scholarly activity and translation.
27.
Which philosopher from the Islamic West defended philosophy against al-
Ghazali’s
attack?
Ibn Rushd (Averroes) was a philosopher from the Islamic West who defended
philosophy against al-Ghazali's attack.
28.
What was Almohads view of philosophy?
The Almohads saw philosophy as the pursuit of elites.
29.
Who founded the illuminationist school of theosophy?
The founder of the illuminationist school of theosophy was Shihab al-Din al-
Suhrawardi.
30.
What role did Mulla Sadra play in Islamic philosophy?
Mulla Sadra played the role in Islamic philosophy of harmonizing revelation,
rational demonstration and gnosis (irfan).
31.
Who was known as the
“Philosopher of the Arabs?”
Al-
Kindi is known as the ‘Philosopher of the Arabs’.
32.
Looking at al-
Kindi’s expertise, in what disciplines would you say he lacked knowledge?
33.
Why did al-
Kindi believe that philosophy was a “comprehensive science?”
He believed that philosophy was a comprehensive science because it embraced all
sciences including theology.
34.
To al-Kindi, philosophy and religion had the same end, but which one did he give
precedence?
Al-Kindi gave precedence to revelatory truth.
35.
What causes any contradiction between philosophy and revelation?
Any contradiction is due to human misinterpretation of the Qur’an.
36.
On what topics did al-Kindi write?
Al-
Kindi wrote on the topics of the proof of God’s existence and God’s attribute of
absolute unity.
37.
In al-
Kindi’s three categories of God’s creation, where do you believe human beings
belong?
I believe human beings belong in the category of corporeal beings.
38.
What does “creation ex nihilo” mean?
Creation ex nihilo means creation out of nothing.
39.
How did al-Kindi argue that the universe is not eternal (but created)?
Al-Kindi argued that the universe is not eternal, but created, since the universe is in
motion and motion is considered to not be eternal.
40.
What was al-
Kindi’s view about heavenly bodies?
Al-Kindi viewed heavenly bodies as animate, possessing reason.
41.
Who was known as the “Second Teacher” to the “First Teacher, Aristotle?”
Al-
Farabi was known as the ‘Second Teacher.’
42.
What did al-Farabi mean by that the One (God)
is “Necessary by Himself?”
He meant that God is not in need of another for His existence or subsistence.
43.
What is the prime matter?
Prime matter is the tenth intelligence and the origin of the four elements.
44.
What is Al-
Farabi’s “acquired intellect?”
Al-Farabi's acquired intellect served as a link between human knowledge and
revelation.
45.
What book did al-Farabi write on politics?
The book that al-Farabi wrote on politics was
The Virtuous City.
46.
Why did al-Farabi explained prophecy?
He explained prophecy on rational grounds, and he also gave it scientific
interpretation.
47.
What did al-Farabi believe about punishment and bliss in the hereafter?
He believed that punishment and bliss in the hereafter is felt spiritually instead of
materially and physically.
48.
According to al-Farabi, what are the three human faculties?
Al-Farabi believed that the three human faculties were reason, sense, and
representation.
49.
How do these faculties know and perceive things?
They know and perceive things by combining active intellect, the tenth intelligence,
and the source of knowledge.
50.
How does an eye see any object?
Eyes see objects when light from the sun gives light to the eye.
51.
Through what faculty can a person (like a prophet) receive awareness of present and
future events?
The faculty of representation allows a person to receive awareness of present and
future events.
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52.
Knowledge arrived at by Prophets is called what?
Prophetic truth is the knowledge arrived at by Prophets.
53.
Which is more simplified: Philosophical truth or Prophetic truth?
Prophetic truth is often more simplified than philosophical truth.
54.
Who is Ibn Sina (Avecenna)
He is one of the most influential and famous Muslim philosophers. He worked as a
physician for princes. Wrote on topics that were influenced by Greek philosophy.
Developed a mystical Oriental Philosophy and medical tome, Qanun which
influenced both the Muslim world and West world.
55.
What is al-Qanun (the Canon)?
Al-Qanun is a medical tome written by Ibn Sina which is said to be one of the most
influential medical works in the Muslim world and in the West.
56.
What is the central topic of Ibn Sina’s metaphysical scholarship?
Ontology, the study of being, is the central topic of Ibn Sina’s metaphysical
scholarship.
57.
List (without definition) Ibn Sina’s three categorizations of being.
Ibn Sina’s three categorizations of being include necessary, possible, and impossible.
58.
In which category do human beings fall?
I believe that human beings fall under the category of possible.
59.
What is responsible for bringing material forms into existence?
Giver of Forms, the tenth intellect, is responsible for bringing material forms into
existence.
60.
Besides being a physician and philosopher, what was Ibn Tufayl?
Besides being a physician and philosopher, Ibn Tufayl was also a poet and
mathematician.
61.
How did the author describe Ibn Tufayl’s writing compared to al
-Farabi and Ibn Sina?
The author described Ibn Tufayl’s writing as being unsystematic compared to al
-
Farabi and Ibn Sina.
62.
Who are the human actors in “The Living Son of the Vigilant?”
The human actors in
The Living Son of the Vigilant
are Asal, Hayy, and Salaman.
63.
Of the six main arguments which number (1- 6) shows that the intellect and reason,
unaided by anything other than Active Intellect, can know the truth and difficult answers?
Argument #5 show that the intellect and reason, unaided by anything other than
Active Intellect, can know the truth and difficult answers.
“
Reason, through no
other device but its own and once connected to the Active Intellect, can dwell in the
intelligences of the most hidden secrets of nature and can thus arrive at the most
sought-after solutions to the most complicated metaphysical problems
” (
Saeed, 102).
64.
Read from page
103 to 107 (Al-Ghazali to the end of Mulla Sadra)
, and write
one (1) full
page
reaction and commentary about the philosophical contribution of three scholars.
Al-Ghazali is said to have contributed to the decrease in the amount of influence that
different philosophers had on Sunni Islam. Even though it can be said that he played a role
in this decline, it also must be considered that there was already a lot of questioning about
philosophy. The text touches on the transition that Al-Ghazali underwent when it came to
his intellectual pursuits. He rejected many traditional ideas because he thought that they
went against his belief about the limitations of humans when it came to the divine. Ibn
Rushd faced backlash from his different philosophical ideas, to the point where some of his
books were destroyed in a fire. Ibn Rushd also disagreed with some of al-Ghazali's beliefs.
He also defended philosophy and he tried to intertwine it with religion. Mulla Sadra is
described as being someone whose philosophy consisted of a mixture of reasoning,
revelation, and knowledge. Mulla Sadra thought that all people would come back to good
and that change was a continual process. Furthermore, Mulla Sadra also strongly thought
that ‘being’ had to do with a singular reality that consisted of many separate levels
, this
was contradictory to what other philosophers had thought. It is said that Aristotle and
Neoplatonism had a significant influence on
Mulla Sadra’s beliefs. Another influence on
Mulla Sadra’s beliefs was
various Islamic religious texts, in particular, those of which came
from Shi’
i origination.