CRM2303 - Midterm Review

-40 questions - 75 points. 25% of mark Covers weeks 2-6 - 35 multiple choice, T/F, matching, and multi-select - 5 short answer question Week 2: Modes of Reasoning Inductive Reasoning - Moves from empirical observation or evidence to broader, generalized, conclusion - Open-ended questions - Useful for exploring data, discovering trends, and generating hypotheses - Limited observations or partial data - Conclusive probabilistic and predictive Deductive Reasoning - Moves from general principles or premises to specific, certain conclusion - Narrow Questions - Useful for hypothesis testing based on data analysis - Must clearly define and account for all variables - Conclusions for validating arguments theory Modes of Reasoning Questions 1. What are the emerging patterns in drug use among individuals who have access to a safe supply of drugs? 2. Does access to safe supply programs increase the likelihood that drug-users will access other health and addiction related services? - Deductive question, Talking about the relationship between two different variable 3. Do safe supply programs result in higher rates of illicit drug use in cities where they are implanted? - Inductive 4. How do media representations of safe supply programs shape public opinion on programs’ efficacy? - Inductive - open ended question Quantitative & Qualitative 1. Systematic process of inquiry that uses non-numerical data to gain an understanding of individual or group experiences of social phenomena within their broader social context - Qualitative 2. Systematic process of inquiry that uses numerical data to provide definitive explanations as to the causes or consequences of social phenomena - Quantitative 3. Build an understanding of social world by testing theories deductively - Quantitative

4. Build inductive understanding of social worlds by understanding the meanings people place on social phenomena - Qualitative Purpose of Research - Exploratory: Explore a new phenomenon or issue - Descriptive: Describe a phenomena - Explanatory: Explain why something occurred - Evaluative: Evaluate practices and policies - Is a program / policy effective? - Problem-based: Help people solve problems - Transformative: Creates a more just social world Week 2/4: Constructing Research Questions - Empirically testable, measurable - Not too broad, not too narrow - Considers relationships among variable (quantitative) - Hypothesis or open-ended? - Can’t be answered by a “yes” or “no” (or by using google) - Must contain the research topic & “target population” - Has more than one plausible answer (surprising) Week 3: Research Ethics - Can be spectacular violations of human rights, but are typically mundane - Tri-council Policy Statement for Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans - Core principles: - Respect for Persons (autonomy, data) - Concern for Welfare (risk and harm) - Justice (equity and fairness) Academic Freedom and Responsibility - Academic research can and should benefit society, how do we balance academic freedom and responsibility? Consent, Confidence, Duty to Report - What are the three aspects of consent in the TCPS2 - Free, Informed, Ongoing - What is confidentiality? - Knows the identity of the participant, but the researcher takes all steps needed to ensure the participant is not traced by any others. - What is anonymity - All data is de-identified, and cannot be traced back to the participant. Even the researcher does not know the identity of the participant. - When do you have a duty to report? - Abuse of a minor, abuse of an elder, imminent threat of bodily harm

- Snowball - Sample someone, and then ask them if there's other people they should speak too and sample, and then you ask the others, and then etc - Purposive - Quota - Convenience - Stand somewhere, and sample whoever walks up to you. Week 4 / 5 : Operationalizing variables You are conducting a research project on the prevalence and consequences of financial crimes carried out by employees and executives in the banking sector. To do so, you must operationalize a definition of “corporate fraud.” select all measurable components that would apply: - Fines issues for regulatory violations - Mesurable - Socio-economic status of offenders - Abstract - Accounting irregularities - Measurable - Organizational culture - Abstract - Number of legal actions and lawsuits - Measurable - Crisis management strategies - Abstract - Amount of media coverage of fraudulent activities - Measurable Quality in Quantititaive and Qualitative Research - How are they different? - How do we assess the strength of quantitative research (Lanier & Briggs) - Validity - Measuring what you set out to measure - Not accidentally measuring something else - Reliability - Reproducible - How do we assess the strength of qualitative research (Tracy & Hinrichs) - Sincerity Week 5: Types of Variables Independent variable: A variable that is manipulated or changed to see how it influences Week 5: Identifying types of variables You are conductinve a study on the relationship between corporate management structure and

employee whistleblowing across a range of organizational cultures. Identify the dependent, independent 2nd one - Internship experience - Independent variable - Mentorship quality - Exagonist variable - Career satisfaction - Dependent variable Week 6: Participatory Approaches - Relationship building - Community-identified priorities - Collaboration from design to dissemination - De-centering the academic - Addressing power relations - Research relationships should be mutually beneficial - Multiple ways of knowing - Collaboration occurs on a spectrum Week 6: Knowledge and Power - Knowledge is always for something - Epistemic injustice - Having one's capacity to know, analyze, or describe their experience of the social world devalued or dismissed as knowledge because of who they are - Epistemic privilege - Those who experience forms of marginalization and oppression are best positioned to describe, analyze, and put forward solutions to address Responsive research design - What is responsive about research design in CBPR? - How does this differ from more “traditional research” - What strategies can we use to make research responsive? Week 1-6 skills: Formulating a Research Question - Presented with a scenario, asked to make a quantitative and qualitative research question Designing Research