Quiz wk 4
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American Military University *
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101
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Philosophy
Date
Apr 3, 2024
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docx
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Uploaded by MasterLorisPerson664
Provide a brief definition in your own words. DO NOT copy and paste a definition from anywhere. When you search online, add the word "philosophy" to the term and spell it properly to be sure you are getting the right information. "Idealism" in philosophy is very different from "Idealism."
State whether it is related to metaphysics, epistemology, or both and in what way.
Discuss how it factors into your belief system, or discuss something you feel is interesting about how the term fits into the study of metaphysics or epistemology
Empiricism:
The theory of Empiricism is based off a person’s experience through their five senses to gain knowledge about the world. A person is born with no innate knowledge therefore according to Empiricism you have to live your life through your experiences to develop knowledge of the world. Empiricism is related to both metaphysics and epistemology because it uses your senses which are both physical and non-physical. It is interesting that theory can take on both meanings because as human we can experience things physically through touch as well as non-physically through sight and smell. Rationalism:
Rationalism is knowledge based around reasoning and intuition. This takes of a mathematical approach rather than an experience. Rationalism takes on an epistemological approach because it
bases a lot of knowledge off of assumptions. If you were to meet five dads and they were all strong then you can rationalize that all dads are strong. This factors in my day-to-day belief system because as a leader when I am spot checking to ensure equipment checks for the day were done and one was missed, I can then rationalize others were also missed. This would force me to double check all the work. Nominalism:
Nominalism is simply an individual. It has no distinct characteristics that ties it to another entity. These entities are mind-independent concepts or names. Nominalist deny the existence of Universals. Nominalism is related to metaphysics because it is just strictly reality. A square is nothing more than a name in existence. This theory is interesting to me because people can adapt
this philosophy in the aspect of, I am an individual, there is no one else like me I am one of a kind. This strict thought process keeps us in our own bubble and prevents us from constantly comparing ourselves to others.
Materialism:
Materialism is simply the thought process of everything being of matter. It does not take in consideration the non-physical existence of things such as the consciousness of the mind. Materialism is related to metaphysics because it defines itself as everything in existence being matter. We are all nothing more than particles racing through the universe. This is an interesting
thought process because it completely disregards the existence of a consciousness. With materialism you could use this philosophy to argue if people have a soul and argue faith as a whole. Functionalism:
In Functionalism, each individual mental state has a functional role. This functional role could be
as simple as sensory outputs or behavioral outputs. This is defined as epistemology because you are thinking of what things do within a mental state. Functionalism is interesting because you think about what objects do oppose to what they are made of. For example, a mouse trap, with functionalism you think about what it is used for but not how it operates or what it consists of. Philosophical skepticism:
Philosophical skepticism is a skeptics belief that some knowledge is impossible to obtain. They question and sometimes even reject the possibility of knowledge as a whole. Philosophical skepticism is an epistemological view because it questions if knowledge is even possible at all. This term is interesting because epistemology is the study of knowledge itself and philosophical skepticism questions knowledge as a whole. The theory is the study of epistemology itself. realism (scientific):
Realism is the existence of an entity that does not require anyone thinking about them or perceiving them. It is the belief in both the observable and unobservable scientific world. Realism is defined as a metaphysical study because in realism you constantly accept the existence of reality without even thinking about it. This fits perfectly into the metaphysical study because we have already accepted that the physical world exists and is reality. We do not question or perceive anything else because it is always all around us. Constructivism (Kant):
In Constructivism, we reflect on our experiences we went through. We create our own understanding and rules to help us makes sense of our experiences. We create a mentality of acceptance to help us accept future experience. Constructivism is related to Epistemology because the human mind uses the experiences, we have to create new knowledge of the world. This is used in my belief system because through life we create mental states to adapt to new experience around us. Sometimes, these mental states can be coping mechanisms to help protect the mind from the trauma we have gone through to reject the knowledge of that experience. Universals (Plato):
Plato identified Universals as Forms. A Universal is existing objects that have things in common,
such as characteristics or qualities. These entities are recurrent or repeatable that can be exemplified by many different characteristics. Universals are accepted as metaphysics because we accept the reality of things through characteristics and similarities between entities. This is interesting because it is the opposite of Nominalism. While both are Metaphysics, one accepts similarities between objects and the other is simply just a name or individual with no similar characteristics.
Mind-body dualism:
Mind-body dualism is the existence of the mind and body as two different entities. In this philosophy, it is understood that as humans we have a mind, or non-physical existence and a brain/body, or physical existence. Mind-body dualism can be considered to be both metaphysical
and epistemology. This theory involves the mind and body that are totally separate from one another. The mind takes on the knowledge while the body is what is real in the world. Philosophers have argued that there is a two-way interaction between the mental and physical substances.
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