BMAL 770 - Wk2 Discussion - Reasoning Power and Worldviews as Decision Forces

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Feb 20, 2024

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Explain how ethical considerations, reasoning, power, and worldviews may influence how leaders make decisions and how the decision-making method they use may impact the leader's ability to influence. Integrate the results of your Self-Assessment 2.2 from Johnson in your discussion. Feel free to include decision models beyond those covered in the text at your option. Incorporate study material, personal worldview, experiences, observations, and reasoning principles that should be considered. As usual, use textbooks and peer-reviewed scholarly journals to support your perspectives or arguments. Discussion: Reasoning, Power and Worldviews as Decision Forces Today’s organizations are operating in an extremely competitive and rapidly changing environment that drives businesses to continuously modify their organizational makeup to match the environment. “Ultimately, the morality of a particular power source depends on the ends or goals that it serves” (Johnson, 2019, pg135). While leadership can shape the culture of an organization and a culture of effectiveness can help increase employees’ readiness to change, ethical leaders, who serve as a guide and offer support, can also make a difference by reducing uncertainty. Ethical leaders are likely to be people-oriented and are aware and empathetic of how their decisions impact others. “When the degree of ethical leadership is high in an organization, the followers are likely to consider that the organization’s moral value and the leader’s one are consistent or congruent (Kim et al., 2021). According to the results of the self-assessment in chapter 2, I personally have a greater sense of duty or obligation to the group or organization. Considering my service in the United States Air Force and working as a First Sergeant and firefighter, the results make perfect sense. Both military members and firefighters share a brotherhood and a connection that drives interactions with peers and subordinates even as you progress. Because of this brotherhood that is established early on, leaders usually maintain an ethical obligation to take care of all that are under their charge. Ethical leaders therefore more times than not, use their power and authority to serve the greater good instead of self-serving interests a “win/win” for employees and the organization. This display of leadership serves as a guide and motivator for others to put the needs and interests of the group ahead of their own. Such interaction creates an intellectual and emotional commitment between leaders and their followers that makes both parties equally responsible in the pursuit of common goals. Further characteristics of ethical leaders include: inspiring, stimulating, and other visionary behaviors that make up transformational leadership. Ethical leaders also mentor associates in gaining a sense of personal and professional proficiency that allows them to excel while being more resilient, loyal and profitable. Ethical leadership is essential for today’s leaders. Paying attention to the news over the past months and years has emphasized the importance of being ethical in business and in everyday life. “We all know that something has terribly gone wrong with the world. We call it, “the problem of evil”. But that can only be so if there is a right way for things to be” (Koukl, 2017, pg55). So, what can you do to ensure that you are an ethical leader that is building an ethical organization? Begin with an open and honest dialogue with your leadership team and

employees to help them realize and own their core values. “An individual’s behavior is affected by power and can, in turn, influence the group’s ethical environment. The interaction of a group’s ethical environment and members’ behavior will lead to behavior convergence” (Pang et al., 2022). Then ideally work together to develop a vision for how your organization could be different. As an ethical leader, it is critical that you know your core values, they match organizational values, and you have the courage to live them in all parts of your life in service of the common good. Values and vision identify the team and give them purpose, direction and an identity. “Moral claims that are not defended with any relevant evidence are indeed rightly categorized as mere opinions. However, a moral opinion ceases to be a mere opinion whenever it is the conclusion of a moral argument” (Damer, 2013, pg40). Keeping the values and vision is the most essential element of leadership. Giving voice to values and vision brings any team its dynamic. Any concentrated, effective movement by a group toward the realization of its vision requires the articulation of vision and values in common, understandable, and relatable terms. Effective leadership requires the ability to give voice to the values and vision. “Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable and perfect” (King James Bible , 1769/2017, Romans 12:2). Virtue is a blend of principle, sensitivity to relationships, and commitment to the common good. Virtue distinguishes leaders such as Mother Teresa from Cleopatra, Nelson Mandela from Hitler. Virtue distinguishes ethical leadership, which will transform society, from leadership which is just only effective comparatively. References Damer, T. E. (2013). Attacking Faulty Reasoning; A Practical Guide to Fallacy-Free Arguments, 7th ed. Boston: Wadsworth Publishing Co. Johnson, C. (2019). Organizational Ethics: A Practical Approach , 5th Edition. Los Angeles: SAGE. Kim, B., Kim, M., & Kim, T. (2021). "the power of ethical leadership": The influence of corporate social responsibility on creativity, the mediating function of psychological safety, and the moderating role of ethical leadership. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (6), 2968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062968 King James Bible . (2017). King James Bible Online. https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/ (Original work published 1769) Koukl, G. (2017). The story of reality: How the world began, how it ends, and everything important that happens in between . Zondervan.

Pang, Y., Wang, X., Wu, H., & Zhang, F. (2022). In-Organization Ethics Power-Allocation Mechanisms and Members’ Decision-Making Behavior. Behavioral Sciences, 12 (1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12010006 Responses Hi Alexis, Thank you for your contribution to this week’s discussion board. I really appreciated your thoughts on how the world has become more sensitive to ethical issues in an effort to make it a better place for all. When we leave the nest and venture out into the world and cross our nation’s borders, moral clarity often blurs. All nations do not share the views or ethics of the west, so what even tells us that our ethics are correct? Without an environment of shared attitudes, and without familiar laws and legal procedures that outline standards of ethical conduct, certainty is not clear. Should a corporation invest in a foreign market where it is known that civil and political rights are violated? Should a business condone a host nations discriminatory employment practices? What type of ethics does this establish for that organization. “ So whatever you wish that others would do to you, do also to them, for this is the Law and the Prophets” ( King James Bible , 1769/2017, Matthew 7:12). No matter where you are from, everyone can appreciate this old saying. Companies establish business ethics to encourage integrity among their personnel and earn trust from key stakeholders, such as shareholders and customers. While business ethics programs have become common, the quality varies. “ According to the 2018 Global Business Ethics survey, employees are more likely to apply ethical reasoning when their company clearly demonstrates why business ethics is important” (Karaszewski & Drewniak, 2021). The first step in building this kind of ethical culture is to create an ethics program. Almost every corporation now has a business ethics program. This is due to the fact that because technology and digital communication make it simple to highlight ethical missteps. To sidestep the negative implications, corporations are devoting more resources to business ethics. “Ninety-nine percent of U.S. employees who experience a strong ethics culture said they’re prepared to handle ethical issues” (Ferrell et al., 2019). Companies that advocate for business ethics inspire their workforces to perform their roles with integrity. Do I think the world is more sensitive, yes in a way, but also I believe the world is more educated, aware, fed up and demand to be treated better. References

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Ferrell, O. C., Harrison, D. E., Ferrell, L., & Hair, J. F. (2019). Business ethics, corporate social responsibility, and brand attitudes: An exploratory study. Journal of Business Research, 95 , 491-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.07.039 Karaszewski, R., & Drewniak, R. (2021). The Leading Traits of the Modern Corporate Leader: Comparing Survey Results from 2008 and 2018. Energies, 14 (23), 7926. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237926 King James Bible . (2017). King James Bible Online. https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/ (Original work published 1769) Hi Carma, Thank you for your contribution to this week’s discussion board. I really appreciated your thoughts on how leaders hold the ethical line within an organization, and everyone is watching even when you think they are not. “ May integrity and uprightness preserve me, for I wait for you.” ( King James Bible , 1769/2017, Psalms 25:21). As a firefighter, we make ethical decisions and face ethical dilemmas almost daily. As a chief officer within the fire service, it is part of my responsibility to ensure the members of our team know and understand the responsibility they hold when making decisions. “All health workers are confronted with ethical challenges in the course of their clinical practice” (Miljeteig et al., 2019). Integrity, honor, commitment are all core values that are apart of many fire departments across the nation. Ethical leadership combines ethical decision-making and ethical behavior and occurs in both an individual and organizational context. A major responsibility of a leader is to make ethical decisions and behave in ethical ways, and to see that the organization understands and practices its ethical codes. Ethical leadership is about knowing your core values and having the courage to live by them in all parts of your life in service of the common good. Sometimes we are faced with ethical dilemmas while performing our duties. Ethical dilemmas are situations where one is forced to choose between two alternatives and both alternatives can be unfavorable or less right and more right or less wrong and more wrong. Every incident where there are multiple patients, the triage officer of that scene is faced with hard ethical dilemmas. “Recognizing and knowing how to manage ethical issues and moral dilemmas can be considered an ethical skill” (De Panfilis et al., 2019). This is something that emergency responders have to train on constantly so that we can stay on the “more right” spectrum of ethical decision making. Because ethics is woven into everything we do, leaders within the fire service are able to navigate ethical waters a little easier. References De Panfilis, L., Di Leo, S., Peruselli, C., Ghirotto, L., & Tanzi, S. (2019). "I go into crisis when …": Ethics of care and moral dilemmas in palliative care. BMC Palliative Care, 18 (1), 70-70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-019-0453-2

King James Bible . (2017). King James Bible Online. https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/ (Original work published 1769) Miljeteig, I., Defaye, F., Desalegn, D., & Danis, M. (2019). Clinical ethics dilemmas in a low- income setting - a national survey among physicians in ethiopia. BMC Medical Ethics, 20 (1), 63-63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-019-0402-x Replies Wayne, Thank you for responding to my post. I was great reading your story as it took me back to my military days. as a First Sergeant you are challenged daily to hold the ethical lines not only of your unit but the entire installation. I love that you took the time to meet with your team to discuss expectations, I 100% agree that this sets the tone of how you will interface with your team during your time there. I would also add that while I was a First Sergeant, I would ask members at all levels what they expected of me. Being an ethical leader is not easy and you have to be able to walk the walk or your credibility is shot! It is assumed that as the leader you are perfect and make no mistakes. During my time as a first sergeant, I went through a divorce and lost my mother. As a human I wanted to crawl under a rock and disappear, but as a shirt, I used the stress, disappointment, grief, heart break to be a better ethical and empathetic leader. By talking to my people, they helped me just as much as I helped them, but I also had real experience that I could draw from to empathize with my people. “Followers’ internalize the organizational ethical values and expect the leaders to live via their behaviors” (Zheng et al., 2022). That experience really taught me to be a better listener and view leadership through a lens I had never seen, a full range empathetic lens where ethics were on full display. Zheng, Y., Epitropaki, O., Graham, L., & Caveney, N. (2022). Ethical leadership and ethical voice: The mediating mechanisms of value internalization and integrity identity. Journal of Management, 48 (4), 973-1002. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063211002611 Kwadwo, Thank you for responding to my post and providing some additional insight, I appreciate it. Competitive advantage is not something I deal with on a regular basis as a firefighter or a military member. However, I do perform consulting work on the side where it becomes vitally important to maintain an edge over the competition. We do this by promoting an atmosphere of organizational learning through knowledge emergence. Knowledge emergence is born out of good organizational ethics and culture. An atmosphere of collaboration, idea sharing and

challenging the status quo are all ways that my organization fosters organizational learning. Knowledge networks are essential for knowledge diffusion. Leaders support organizational learning by ensuring knowledge diffusion. Once new ideas for improvement and innovation emerge, the new ideas must be effectively and efficiently shared across the organization. Knowledge diffusion ensures that learning is not isolated. We can say that an organization has “learned” when new ideas are codified into the organization’s policies, practices, and culture (Pelling et al., 2022). Knowledge networks are connected groups of people and teams that enable the sharing of knowledge. Leaders must enable the lines of communication that make a knowledge network possible. In the same way that constructive dialogue facilitates team learning, constructive dialogue is also essential for knowledge sharing across an organization. Communities of Practice are groups of people who share common ideas, topics, and challenges and further interact with each other to further enhance the area’s knowledge. The communities of practice may not work together, however, they share and explore their ideas to solve problems, develop procedures, and establish common standards to learn together, which creates a competitive advantage for our organization. Pelling, M., Adams, H., Adamson, G., Barcena, A., Blackburn, S., Borie, M., Donovan, A., Ogra, A., Taylor, F., & Yi, L. (2022;2021;). Building back better from COVID-19: Knowledge, emergence and social contracts. Progress in Human Geography, 46 (1), 121- 138. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325211059569

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BMAL 770 - Wk2 Discussion - Reasoning Power and Worldviews as Decision Forces

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