5 Handouts - PHIL 102-1
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School
University of Nevada, Las Vegas *
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Course
102
Subject
Philosophy
Date
Feb 20, 2024
Type
Pages
5
Uploaded by yuurou
Exercises for Module 5
Supply missing (unstated) premise or conclusion or both to make the argument
deductively valid or inductively strong.
1. My granddaughter, Jamillah, was born and raised in Saudi Arabia; so, she is Muslim.
a
The conclusion is that Jamillah is Muslim.
2. ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) is a dangerous terrorist organization, for they just
beheaded an innocent American citizen.
a
The premise is ISIS beheading an innocent American civilian while the
conclusion is that ISIS is a terrorist organization
.
3. Sir, I cannot admit you into the theater. You have no ticket.
a
The premise to this is the person being addressed has no ticket while
the conclusion is that the person speaking cannot admit the other person
into the theater.
4. 4. Friend, if you are innocent of the charges, why worry then?
a
The premise is the friend being innocent of the charges while the
conclusion is that the friend shouldn’t worry.
Handout On Inclusive/Exclusive sense of "Either-Or". (See Module 4 on Deductive
Reasoning).
Indicate whether "inclusive or" or "exclusive or" is used.
1.
Either I stay home or I go to the movie.
E
2.
Mary is either underpaid or she is happy.
I
3.
The dog is male or female.
E
4.
Either a revolution will occur or economic conditions will improve.
I
5.
He used his car to deliver the local newspaper or to go to school.
I
6.
Either Helen is at home or at the grocery store.
E
7.
Either Churchill smokes a pipe or a cigar.
I
8.
Either the San Francisco 49ers or the Patriots will win the Super Bowl.
E
9.
He is either hungry or sleepy.
I
10.
Either I will put the money in the bank or purchase a car.
I
11.
Either I am dead or alive.
E
12.
Either I study or I listen to music.
I
13.
My grandpa is either old or deaf.
I
14.
Either I am in Las Vegas or New York City.
E
15.
Either you are an oppressor or you are oppressed.
I
16.
Either you pay your fine or go to jail.
I
17.
Either your daughter or son will win tonight.
I
18.
Either I win my sports bet or I lose it.
E
19.
Either I am asleep or I am eating.
I
20.
Either she is corrupt or a morally upright citizen.
E
Handout on Sufficient and Necessary Conditions.
Compare X with Y and then state whether:
(1) X is a sufficient condition for Y
(2) X is a necessary condition for Y
(3) X is neither sufficient nor necessary for Y
(4) X is both sufficient and necessary for Y
X
Y
1.
Being a female
Being a mother
NC
2.
Being a U.S. citizen
Having a U.S. passport
NC
3.
Growing plants
Growing flowers
NC
4.
Learning Arabic
Attending college
N
5.
Using electricity
Running a washing machine
NC
6.
Owning a motorcycle
Owning a plane
N
7.
Having some water
Boiling water
NC
8.
Being alive
Breathing every few seconds
B
9.
Living in Las Vegas
Being addicted to gambling
N
10.
Smoking marijuana
Being a heroin addict
N
11.
Being a U.S. citizen
Being president of the United States
NC
12.
Being at least 32 years old
Being a U.S. senator
NC
13.
Owning a table
Owning a piece of furniture
SC
14.
Eating a piece of fruit
Eating an apple
NC
15.
Being an aunt
Having a niece
N
16.
Wearing boots
Having some footwear
SC
17.
Wearing a bra
Being a female
N
18.
Being a female fox
Being a vixen
B
19.
Looking at a dog
Looking at an animal
SC
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20.
Owning a horse
Owning an animal
SC
Handout on Definitions, See Module 7
Determine the types of definitions based on Module 7:
1.
“A coma is a state of deep unarousable consciousness.”
MedTerms, Medical Dictionary
AZ List.
a
Precising
2.
Jamillah, I need you to get my battery charger. It’s that black cable in the garage.
a
Ostensive
3.
“Pain is the breaking of the shell that encloses your understanding.”
Kahlil Gibran,
The
Prophet.
a
Persuasive
4.
“Intelligent is a person with the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.” Oxford English
Dictionary
a
Lexical
5.
“‘Surveil’ means to place under surveillance.” Random House Kernerman Webster’s
Dictionary,
2005.
a
Lexical
6.
“Guerrilla: A person who engages in irregular warfare especially as a member of an
independent unit carrying out harassment and sabotage.” Merriam-Webster,
m-w.com
a
Lexical
7.
“‘Weight’ is a measurement of gravitational force acting on an object.”
Wikipedia, the Free
Encyclopedia.
a
Precising
8.
“Virus: A microorganism that is smaller than a bacterium that cannot grow or reproduce
apart from a living cell.” MedTerms,
Medical Dictionary.
a
Theoretical
9.
“‘Republican’ means ‘an old white man who feels threatened by change.’”
Quoted in
Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.
a
Precising
10. “Old person” means any person 60 years old or above.
a
Stipulative
Truth, Logic, Clarity (TLC); A Method for Evaluating Arguments. See Module 3.
Evaluate the following arguments by applying the TLC Method. Indicate whether the
argument is acceptable or unacceptable based on the TLC analysis.
1.
I am in favor of raising the minimum wage to $10.10 in my state, for it would bring
$199.9 million into Nevada’s economy.
a
The premise is that raising the minimum wage to $10.10 in their state
would bring $199.9 million into Nevada’s economy while the conclusion is
that this person is in favor of raising the minimum wage to $10.10 in their
state.
b
T: We can check a reliable source to see if the premise is correct.
c
L: The logic is strong because if we assume that the premise is true,
the conclusion would most likely be true.
d
C: The argument presented is fairly clear.
2.
“In war there is always collateral damage. Some civilians are going to get in the line of
fire,but when that collateral damage is as high as 70% to 80% it’s not a few civilians in the
line of fire; you are making war on civilians.”
Michael Hoyt, August 14, 2014
a
1st Premise: There is always collateral damage in war.
b
2nd Premise: Some civilians will be in the line of fire.
c
3rd Premise: The collateral damage is as high as 70% to 80%.
d
The conclusion is that war is being made on civilians.
e
T: The premises can be backed by reliable sources.
f
L: The logic is fairly strong because if we assume the premise is true,
the conclusion will most likely be true.
g
C: The argument is clear.
3.
“Well, very simply, I found that the DNA matched perfectly. The chance that such a
match would occur in different people in this case in approximately one in four hundred
thousand, which is to say negligible. So that finding leads inescapably to the conclusion that
the two hair samples came from the same person.”
John Darnton,
The Experiment,
1999, p.
197.
a
1st Premise: They found that the DNA matched perfectly.
b
2nd Premise: The chance that the DNA would match in about one in
four hundred thousand is negligible.
c
The conclusion is that the two hair samples came from the same
person.
d
T: Since this person seems to be a DNA expert, they seem to be a
reliable source.
e
L: The logic is strong if we assume that the premise is true.
f
C: The argument is clear.