Emergency First Aid Training: Key Concepts and Techniques

HLTAID003- FIRST AID Student name : Deepa Shrestha Question 1 (a)  Fractures and dislocations  Cardio pulmonary resuscitation  Breathing difficulties Question 1 (b) 1. Infectious agents 2. Cover open wound and apply entirely with waterproof or occlusive bandages. 3. Wear disposable single use, nitrine or neoprene for pesticide safety. Question 1 (c) CPR training- every one year and first aid training – every 3 years Question 1(d) 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. True Question 1(e) 1. quickly assess the situation. 2. identify the nature of the injury or illness as far as possible. 3. arrange for emergency services to attend. 4. manage the casualty promptly and appropriately. 5. stay with the casualty until able to hand over to a health care professional. Question 1(f) o identify the hazards that may cause in leading injury. o Make sure every hazard is eliminated no matter what the cost to the workplace. o Assess the type, likelihood and severity of these injuries to determine how great the risk is. o Provide relevant first aid equipment, facilities and trainings. Question 1(g)

Consent must be obtained where possible , however medical treatment may be given without consent if a patient is not able to give consent(due to being unconscious). Q.1 (h)  During a first aid event bystanders should be removed as much as is practicable.  Staff needing to debrief with other colleagues should do so respectfully and confidentially.  Personal information (for example, name and contact details) should only be passed on to people in authority like police and ambulance.  Incident reports should be kept in a secure place , accessible only to authorised people. Q.1 (i)  True  False  True  True  True Q.1 (j) Australian Resuscitation Council Q.2 (a)  True  True  True  True  False  False  True Q.2 (b) 1. Anger 2. Depression 3. Anxiety 4. Irritability 5. Making bad decisions Q.3(a)  preserve life.  prevent the condition of the illness or injury.  promote recovery.  protect the unconscious.  Seek medical help

Q.3 (b)  Early Access.  Early CPR.  Early Defibrillation.  Early Advanced Life Support. Q.3(c) Severe bleeding is controlled before other first aid response. Q.3 (d)  Check for yourself, others and patients  Check for response, talk and touch  Send for help.  Open airway  Check for breathing. If not normally breathing start CPR.  Commence CPR.Give 30 chest compression and 2 breaths.  Attach defibrillator. Q.4(a) All of the above. Q.4 (b)  True  False  True  True  True Q.5 (a) 1. look to see if their chest is rising and falling. 2. listen over their mouth and nose for breathing sounds. 3. feel their breath against your cheek for 10 seconds. Q.5 (b) On their back with the head in neutral position. Q.6 (a) Use your fingers to locate the end of the person's breastbone, where the ribs come together. Keep your two fingers at the tip of the breast bone. Place the heel of the other hand right above your fingers (on the side closest to the person's face). Use both hands to give chest compressions . Q.6 (b) Depending on the size of the child , you can use one or two hands to provide compressions. Because children have smaller chests than adults, the depth of compressions should be only one and a half

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inches. The compression and breath rate should be the same for children as for adults 30 compressions to two breaths. Q.6 (c) 100-120 /minute Q.6 (d) CPR is stopped when:  the person is revived and starts breathing on their own medical help such as ambulance paramedics arrive to take over  the person performing the CPR is forced to stop from physical exhaustion. Q.6 (e)  Turn the victim onto his or her side to keep the vomit from blocking the airway and entering the lungs.  Turn the body and after vomiting stops, clear the victim's airway by wiping the mouth out using a finger sweep. Q.7 (a) An AED is a portable device that is able to diagnose cardiac rhythm. Q.7 (b) No, whilst it is preferable that a person has been trained , a PAD (public access defribillator) may be operated by an untrained person. Q.7 (c)  True  False  True  True  False Q.8 1. Wash hands. 2. Cover wounds 3. Appropriate handling of clinical wastes like used dressings. 4. Seek for medical help Q.9 The secondary survey is a systematic approach to identify any bleeding or fractures. This system starts at the head and works down to legs. It should be conducted to know the extent of patient’s injuries.

Q.10(a) All of the above. Q.10 (b)  Call or tell someone to call for help.  Check for airway, breathing, and pulse frequently. If necessary, begin CPR.  If the person is breathing and lying on their back, and you do not think there is a spinal injury, carefully roll the person toward you onto their side. Q.10 (c)  True  True  False  False  True Q.11(a) Signs and symptoms  Pain at the site of injury/vomiting/nausea  Rigidity/distension of stomach  Dark and smelly stool, dark brown urine First aid management  Hold the wound changes to control bleeding.  Cover a gaping wounds with dressing.  Patient can change position to help the wound close. Q.11 (b)  Numbness to area/prickling pain to the affected area  Skin feels hard  Skin is white or mottled blue colour First aid management  Drink warm liquids.  Gently rewarm frostbitten areas  Get out of cold Q.11 (c) First aid management

 Stop bleeding by applying direct pressure.  Cover the area with a wet cloth or bandage.  Raise the area above the level of the heart, if possible. Q.11 (d)  Flushed, dry skin  Rapid pulse  Cold, pale and moist skin First aid management  Give the patient diet drink containing artificial sweetner.  Supervise until recovered.  Seek medical assistance. Q.11 (e)  Pain in the joint  Numb finger First aid management  Do not attempt to correct the dislocation/check for circulation  Immobilise in a position that is most comfortable. Q.11 (f)  Not breathing  Distended stomach First aid management  Remove patient from water if possible. Do not attempt to rescue a drowning victim from water beyond own swimming ability.  Roll onto side during initial checking and clearing the airway- check for breathing.  Push on the stomach to assist with regurgitation of swallowed water. Q.11 (g)  Fainting  Heat cramps First aid management  Remove casualty from source of heat and keep in the shade.  Remove excess clothing and loosen clothing and lie down the casualty.

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Q.11 (h)  Hot sweaty skin  Hot flushed skin First aid management  Remove the patient to the cool environment and remove unnecessary clothing.  Apply ice packs to the groin, neck and armpits. Q.11 (i)  Watering eye  Swollen red eyes  Constant blinking or unable to open eyes First aid management  If object is visible remove with corner of damp cloth.  If unable to remove or cant find it provide eye wash with sterile water or clean water. Q.11 (j)  Do not plug the ear.  Assist the casualty in the position of comfort. This is usually a sitting or lying.  Lightly cover with dressing pad. Q.11 (k)  Cover wound with non stick sterile dressing.  Clean the wound with sterile gauze and apply antiseptic. Q.11 (l)  Wash wound immediately with soapy water or alcohol based hand rub.  Arrange for casualty to go straight to hospital for blood tests. Q.11 (m)  Pale, cool skin  Very fast pulse with low blood pressure  History of feeling cold and having bad circulation First aid management  Keep casualty moving to warm their body.  Remove sources of heat loss.  Give warm drinks. Q.11 (n)

 Dizziness, confusion and deterioration of consciousness, nausea or vomiting – possible collapse  Cold sweaty skin that may appear pale- complains of feeling cold.  Muscle weakness , restlessness and possible anxiety First aid management  Control any bleeding with direct pressure.  Provide oxygen if available and trained to do so. Q.11 (o)  Severe chest pain  Facial weakness, arm weakness and speech difficulty First aid management  Loosen tight clothing and assist casualty to rest in half sitting position.  DRSABCD- provide oxygen if available and trained. Q.11 (p)  Salivation or frothing of the mouth  Jerking movements of the head, arms and or legs which may result in loss of consciousness First aid management  Put something in the person’s mouth so they do not swallow their tongue.  Lay the casualty down and turn victim on the side as soon as possible when the seizure is over.  Reassure, casualty following seizure , explaining what has happened to them. Q.11 (q)  Shortness of breath/nausea or vomiting  Severe squeezing type of pain in the chest area only.  Dizziness or light- headedness First aid management  Encourage casualty to stop what they are doing and rest in comfortable position.  Assist casualty with prescribed medication that may assist such as angina table, oral spray etc.  Administer oxygen therapy if trained to do so. Q.11 (r)  Loss of bowel and bladder control  Casualty totally unable to move arms and legs  Nausea/ headache/dizziness

 Pain in the injured area with tingling and numbness in limbs and area below injury First aid management  Support head and neck.  Move casualty into the recovery position with head turned to the side in case of vomiting.  Handle casualty carefully to ensure harm minimisation. Q.11 (s)  Rolling or upturned eyes – may develop projectile vomiting.  Cold dry skin which is pale First aid management  Remove unnecessary clothing.  Turn onto side to protect airway.  Seek urgent medical help if convulsion lasts longer than 10 minutes. Q.12 (a)  Spider - yes  Snake – yes  Ant – yes  Jelly fish – yes  Frog – yes Q.12 (b)  National poisons informative centre  Safety data sheet Q.12 (c)  True  False  True  False  True Q.13 (a) Most likely to occur in a child Q.13 (b)  No  Yes

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Q.13 (c) Fractures that involves injuries to other organs and / or nerves as a result of the fracture. Q.13 (d) All of the above. Q.13 (e) 1. Make the patient comfortable. 2. Stop bleeding. 3. Check circulation and nerve function 4. Stop movement. 5. Immobilise injury at the joints above and below the fracture. 6. DRSABCD. Q.13 (F) There is no need to take a pulse. Q.14 (a) 36.5 degrees C Q.14 (b) 100-120 beats per minute Q.14 (c) 60- 80 beats per minute Q. 15 (a) Signs of anaphylaxis  Skin itching  Low blood pressure  Weak and rapid pulse  Dizziness or fainting Triggers  Foods like nuts , milk etc.  Medicines like – aspirin  Insect stings – wasp and bee stings  General anesthetic Q.15 (b) 1. Make patient comfortable.

2. Administer adrenaline. 3. Prevent further exposure to the triggering event. 4. Administer further adrenaline if no response within five minutes. 5. Call ambulance. Q.15 (c) All of the above. Q.15 (d) 1. Shortness of breath/ wheezing 2. Dry, irritating cough /chest tightness 3. Blue discolouration around the lips 4. Pale and sweaty skin Q. 15 (e) Four puffs of medication with one breath in between each puff – administered every ten minutes until improved. Q.15 (f) History relating medication, foods, allergens, doctor’s prescription etc. Q.15 (g) All of the above. Q.16 (a) R- Rest I – ice C- Compression E- Elevation Q. 16 (b) As soon as possible after an injury, such as a knee or ankle sprain, you can relieve pain and swelling and promote healing and flexibility with RICE —Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation. Rest. Rest and protect the injured or sore area. Q. 16 (c) 20 minutes every 2 hours for up to 24 hours. Q.17 (a)  Arterial – bright red blood spurts from wound

 Venous – dark red blood flows from wound  Capillary – blood oozes from wound Q. 17 (b) Sit with head forward, apply direct pressure for 10 minutes only, ask patient to blow their nose to check whether bleeding has stopped Q.18 (a)  Deep burns  Superficial burns involving 9% of the body for an adult and 5% for a child  Inhalation burns  Burns to the airway, hands, feet and armpits.  Superficial burn to the right leg between the top of the calf and groin on an adult. Q.18 (b) If a person's injured due to a burn, a doctor may assess them quickly. For example, if they were burned each hand and arm as well as the front trunk portion of the body, using the rule of nines, they'd estimate the burned area as 36 % of a person's body. Q.18 (c) 9% Q. 18 (d) 36% Q.18 (e) 20 minutes Q.18 (f)  False  True  True  True  False Q.19 IMIST I - Identification M – Mechanism I – Injuries

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S – Signs T – Treatment AMPLE A – Allergies M – Medications P – Past medical history L - last meal E – events leading d)

Question 2

HLTAID003 First Aid

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