What percentage of American adults suffer from depression

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Shaun Scott MATH 250 BDE - STATISTICS I December 9, 2023 Final Project What percentage of American adults suffer from depression? Shaun Scott Columbia College MATH 250 BDE - STATISTICS I

Shaun Scott MATH 250 BDE - STATISTICS I December 14, 2023 Final Project 2 Introduction Depression is a feeling of sadness and loss of interest; it can stop an individual from doing the things they normally love to do, and have you feeling hopeless. You would be surprised how common depression is it can be on the mild spectrum to very extreme. Depression could be caused by loss of a love one, traumatic experiences, loss of a job, etc.… Depression doesn’t discriminate it can happen to anyone. When you feel things are changing in your life and you can’t cope with the change always reach out to someone because just speaking what you’re going through can help you push through it. Sometimes, I ask myself why do so many people experience some form of depression in their lifetime, and once I sit and think about this it makes sense on why. In today’s society, it is getting harder for the average adult to even buy a home, afford to have children, travel at least once a year, even buy grocery at an affordable price. This all can contribute to someone experiencing depression and feeling that they can’t achieve what is known as the “American dream”.

Shaun Scott MATH 250 BDE - STATISTICS I December 14, 2023 Final Project 3 According to Investopedia, “A confidence interval, in statistics, refers to the probability that a population parameter will fall between a set of values for a certain proportion of times. Analysts often use confidence intervals that contain either 95% or 99% of expected observations” (HAYES, 2023) . Confidence intervals use the T-test to test the differences between the means of two groups, or the difference between one group's mean and a standard value. With the data that I have collected regarding the effect of depression on the average American adult and social media plays a part in adding to one’s depressive state. One claim that I have is how many hours does the average adult uses social media per day. According to the latest available data, people spend an average of 2 hours and 24 minutes on social media every day. Americans clocked in about 2 hours and 14 minutes per day, or 10 minutes less per day than the average global user. I am analyzing whether the average amount of time adults spend on social media daily is less than 3.6 hours. I expect more than 35% of adults to spend an average of 2 in a half hours per day on social media. H0: μ≥3.6 This states that the average amount of time adults spend on social media daily (μ) is greater than or equal to 3.6 hours. H1: μ<3.6 This states that the average amount of time adults spend on social media daily is less than 3.6 hours.

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Shaun Scott MATH 250 BDE - STATISTICS I December 14, 2023 Final Project 4 Additionally, since I expect more than 35% of adults to spend an average of 2 and a half hours per day on social media, if p is the proportion of adults spending less than 3.6 hours, this is also how to write this: H1: p>0.35 This states that the proportion of adults spending less than 3.6 hours on social media daily is greater than 35%. I used a sample size of 20 an average of 3.6 hours 95% Confidence Interval Results: In conclusion, the average adults do spend less than 3.6 hours a day using social media.

Shaun Scott MATH 250 BDE - STATISTICS I December 14, 2023 Final Project 5 For my second claim, I am analyzing whether the average age range of 25 to 34 adults is affected by depression due to the 40-hour work week, and I expect more than 45% of American adults working an additional 10 hours per week will be affected by depression more than individual who do not work more than 40 hours a week. H 1: depression >0.45 This states that the proportion of adults (25 to 34) experiencing depression due to the 40-hour work week is greater than 45%. I used a sample size of 22 an average of 40 hours 95% Confidence Interval Results: In conclusion, the average adults may experience some form of depression in this age group (25 to 34) due to the 40-hour work week, and it is greater than 45%.

Shaun Scott MATH 250 BDE - STATISTICS I December 14, 2023 Final Project 6 There are two primary sampling methods that are used in the research process. Probability sampling involves random selection, allowing you to make strong statistical inferences about the whole group. Non-probability sampling involves non-random selection based on convenience or other criteria, allowing you to easily collect data (McCombes, 2019) . The method that I used to collect my data was through the Probability sampling method. Due to it being a random type of people from different age groups and background it gave a more diverse results when it comes to what each group or individual person believes regarding who suffers more from depression. I created a google survey form with six questions. Three categorical data and three numerical data questions. For the categorical data question, they were multiple choice question and the numerical data questions were short answers. The survey I feel was reliable in a way because it was people’s honest response being that it was anonymous so no one would feel judge for there answer. In the Pie chart below, it showcases the percentage of the 22 participates responses that answer the question of “In which demographic group (age range) does depression most commonly occur among American adults?”. I chose this particular question because when you think of what you hear regarding depression normally you would think that it would be a much older age group due to more responsibilities that they may have, but you may be surprise who experience depression the most.

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Shaun Scott MATH 250 BDE - STATISTICS I December 14, 2023 Final Project 7 Graphs The current study includes all adults aged 20 years and older. As such, 22 participants in the study suggested that 40.9% of the demographic group 25-34 commonly experience depression more than the other age groups. The reason why I believe that the percentage is higher in depression in this age group is due to the recent years of isolation, inflation, and job loss etc.… Being that we are working harder and earning less than before. This will contribute to depression in a major way. Also, in the age group of 18 – 24 I believe the major reason for depression falls in line with none other than social media. Social media creates an unrealistic lifestyle and expectations for the average person to live up to. And if you don’t feel you can live up to these expectations you may feel a strong sense of rejection and can lead to deep disappointment and also depression. Young adults who use social media are three times as likely to suffer from depression according to University of Utah Health (THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON TEENS' MENTAL HEALTH, 2023) .

Shaun Scott MATH 250 BDE - STATISTICS I December 14, 2023 Final Project 8 When you think of the young adults in today’s society being one myself, I can relate to a lot of these methods or treatments that helps me manage my own depression and anxiety. With the study above which includes all adults aged 20 years and older. As such, 22 participants in the study suggested that 45.5 % believe that Medication is the most common type of treatment that American adult use to help managing their depression. I would agree with this partially because I know a lot of people use medication as the last resort after they have exhausted all their options. Of courses, there are many ways to manage depression holistic ways as well as diet and exercise can help ease symptoms. According to healthline.com, “Regular exercise has been repeatedly shown to help manage symptoms of depression, with the most significant benefits being higher self-esteem, better life satisfaction, and fewer negative thoughts. In fact, a 2018 research review found that aerobic exercise in particular can have antidepressant effects. Exercise may decrease

Shaun Scott MATH 250 BDE - STATISTICS I December 14, 2023 Final Project 9 depressive thoughts by increasing levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, an important protein in your brain that’s responsible for learning and cell growth (Daniel Preiato, 2023) . This then ties into the survey response that was the second highest response with 31.8% of the 22 participants stating that Lifestyle (exercise, eating health) is a common treatment for depression. I agree with this if the individual’s depression isn’t severe, I do feel that changing one’s lifestyle could help manage depression. Lastly, we will discuss the results of fifth questions on the survey. If you could count how many people in your circle you would consider to be your support system how many would that be? I chose this question because I feel it is essential to have a support system in your life when you are going through ups and downs. You need someone to talk to because if

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Shaun Scott MATH 250 BDE - STATISTICS I December 14, 2023 Final Project 10 you don’t talk things out and keep them bottom up it can lead to more problems later in life when it comes to your mental health. Looking at the results of this question to see that 5 out of the 22 participates have at least 5 people they consider to be their support system makes me happy to see because I know that they are not afraid to let people know what’s going on in their lives. When you go more into depth regarding the importance of having a support system to help you through your depression, I feel with the data that was collected in this study it uses more of descriptive statistics. According to Learnerroo.com, it states that “Descriptive statistics is as its sounds. It’s basically the organization of a given set of data as it is and it describes a given sample or population. Inferential statistics is the analysis and interpretation of data--drawing conclusions from “good” data uses probability to determine if conclusions are correct” (Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics, n.d.) . This graph describes simply how it’s important to have a support system. The more people that are in someone’s circle of support the less likely the person will feel alone because they will have someone to express what is on their minds.

Shaun Scott MATH 250 BDE - STATISTICS I December 14, 2023 Final Project 11 The question that I used from my survey was question number 5. I asked on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 being not at all and 10 being extremely severe, how would you rate the impact of depression in your own life? This question was one of my numerical data questions which helps in finding the mean, median and mode of this particular question. Being that I have numbers to calculate. According to the ebm project, “A measure of central tendency is a single number that best represents an entire set of values (either a sample or an entire population). We have three options: Mean: the average value, outliers skew this number Median: the number in the middle (if there are two in the middle, average those two) Mode: the value that appears most often, more useful with categorical variables” (Gopal, 2017) . I used a Mean, Median Mode Calculator online to help me calculate the data below. Question 5: On a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 being not at all and 10 being extremely severe, how would you rate the impact of depression in your own life? Measures of Central Tendency Calculator Mean 5.8636363636364 Median 6 Mode 8 Range 9 Minimum 1

Shaun Scott MATH 250 BDE - STATISTICS I December 14, 2023 Final Project 12 Maximum 10 Count n 22 Sum Quartiles Interquartile Range IQR Outliers 129 Q1 --> 5 Q2 --> 6 Q3 --> 8 3 None To conclude, on what the outcome was regarding the survey I was not surprised on the results of some of the questions especially when the question about the common treatment used for depression. Most people do us medicine when its serve so I was not surprise that being the highest percentage, and for the second highest of course was healthy lifestyle. Which is expected to help managed depression so the out come was what I expected on that question, but the results on the last question “If you could count how many people in your circle you would consider to be your support system how many would that be?” Seeing that there are more people who have at least 5 or more individuals that they can turn to when in need or just to confide in did surprise me I expected maybe 1 to 3 people, but it is great to know that majority from the survey have that support system in their lives it is a beautiful thing.

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Shaun Scott MATH 250 BDE - STATISTICS I December 14, 2023 Final Project 13 References Daniel Preiato, R. C. (2023, May 10). Exercise and the Brain: The Mental Health Benefits of Exercise . Retrieved from Healthline : https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/exercise#Exercise- and-depression Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics . (n.d.). Retrieved from Learneroo: https://www.learneroo.com/modules/146/nodes/789 Gopal, B. (2017, November 5). Distributions, Central Tendency and Variability . Retrieved from the ebm project: https://theebmproject.wordpress.com/fundamentals/measurement/distributions_central_tend ency_and_variability/ HAYES, A. (2023, October 31). What Is a Confidence Interval and How Do You Calculate It? Retrieved from Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/confidenceinterval.asp McCombes, S. (2019, September 19). Sampling Methods | Types, Techniques & Examples . Retrieved from Scribber.com: https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/sampling-methods/ Survey Sampling and Research: Definition and Methods . (2023). Retrieved from Statistics How To: https://www.statisticshowto.com/survey-sampling/ THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON TEENS' MENTAL HEALTH . (2023, January 20). Retrieved from University of Utah Health : https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/2023/01/impact-of-social- media-teens-mental-health

What percentage of American adults suffer from depression

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