Doctor Correction Mishael Alfirm Research Proposal chapter 1 ^LLM 2 (1) (1)-1-1

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RESEARCH PROJECT On Impact of virtual meeting on innovation performance during Covid-19 in the healthcare sector in KSA By [Mishael T. Alfirm] Enrolment No. G200007411 Master in Business Administration Department Business Administration College of Administration & Financial Sciences Insert Course Code : MGT675 Riyadh- Females Date of Submission 17-2-2002 Supervisor Name: Dr. Hanan M. Louati Kaanich

1. Background Our economy, society, and healthcare system have all been affected by the coronavirus pandemic. This issue has accelerated the implementation of telemedicine and dramatically altered healthcare delivery. The world's circumstances demonstrated the importance of implementing telemedicine techniques, such as offering medical services over the phone or via video chatting, as a way to connect patients and health professionals when a face-to-face session is not possible. Now, the world is witnessing the escalation of the fourth wave of the pandemic, and some countries are moving to restore precautionary restrictions and apply closure procedures, which calls for the need to take telemedicine procedures to reduce the negative effects of the pandemic on the health care system. Number of studies highlight the importance of telemedicine health services in improving health delivery services. For instance, Jnr (2020; p.4) note that: “ Telehealth is bridging the gap between people, physicians and health systems, enabling everyone, especially symptomatic patients, to stay at home and communicate with physicians through virtual channels, helping to reduce the spread of the virus to mass populations and the medical staff on the frontlines Critically, hospitals are quickly adopting telehealth to treat quarantined patients infected with COVID-19 " According to Rahi et al. (2021), telemedicine is critical for patients who have been infected with the virus since it allows healthcare practitioners and caregivers to respond more quickly to their patients' needs. It is possible to identify and treat patients with suspected COVID-19 occurrences via the use of telemedicine, which is both safe and effective. The number of persons who need to come into touch with the virus is reduced since those who are sick with other medical illnesses may get treatment at home during this time period (Jnr, 2020). 2 Chapter 1

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Even while telemedicine has the potential to make a huge impact in patient care during a pandemic, there are still limitations to what it can do when it comes to treating patients. Additionally, if telemedicine is not appropriately employed, it may add to overpopulation in hospitals (Mobbs, et al., 2020). 2. Introduction: The COVID-19 outbreak and the resulting forced absences from work have caused many individuals to reevaluate how they go about their daily lives and carry out their responsibilities. Business meetings are increasingly being held through video conferencing, which is becoming more popular. There are a variety of other changes taking place as well. Zoom, for example, had 10 million daily meeting attendees in December 2019, but by April 2020, that number had increased to more than 300 million people. Evans et al. (2020). A considerable increase has also occurred in the number of people who frequently use alternative video conferencing systems, such as Google Meet and Microsoft Teams, among other things (Peters, 2020; Thorp-Lancaster, 2020). Considering that according to Gartner, just 25% of corporate meetings would be done in person by 2024, it is possible that videoconferencing will continue to be utilized long after the outbreak of the pandemic has ended. In addition to that (Standaert et al., 2021). However, for many, the growing usage of videoconferencing has proven to be a difficult adjustment. For example, several users have complained about Zoom weariness, which is defined as feeling mentally and physically weary after participating in video conferencing sessions (Fosslien & Duffy, 2020; Strassman, 2020). One of the contributing elements to this tiredness is extended direct eye gazing (which is a common occurrence) (Bailenson, 2020). Individuals are often more keenly focused on one another during a video conference than they are during a conventional face-to-face encounter (Strassman, 2020). Another aspect is that the pictures of people on screen might look too large and too close together, resulting in heightened brain activity, metabolic alterations, and physiological states that are linked with high alertness and fight-or-flight responses in the subject. (Morris, 2020). The effect is that these pictures may encroach on our feeling of privacy, and in certain cases, their size and closeness may even lead us to unconsciously perceive them as potentially 3

dangerous in certain situations. Making a decision on how to maintain track of a huge number of faces in one-inch boxes, which are often moved around the screen as various speakers talk, may result in participants experiencing information overload (Morris, 2020). Participants' attention is drawn not just to the faces of others in virtual meetings, but also to people or items visible in their backgrounds, making it more difficult to concentrate on the meeting at hand (Fosslien & Duffy, 2020). Using chat technology during a meeting may be a hardship for attendees, particularly if the information is distracting from the group's primary aim (Wiederhold, 2020). It is also possible that users would become too sensitive of their own bodies and looks as a result of using self-portraits, resulting in a constant sense of self-consciousness and defensiveness. (Fosslien & Duffy, 2020). As videoconferencing becomes the dominant method of holding corporate meetings, many individuals may find themselves working from home on a regular basis in the future. As a result, there is a greater need for increased understanding of the potential hazards that videoconferencing may create. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to collect user input on the challenges they have encountered when conducting business meetings from their homes utilizing videoconferencing technology. A review of the relevant literature on videoconferencing will be followed by the development of an empirically based theoretical framework for understanding the challenges connected with videoconferencing as a communication medium, based on media naturalness theory (Kock, 2004) and meeting science. 3. Statement of the problem Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the healthcare sector has been turned upside down. The rise of telemedicine, virtual care, and remote monitoring is considered as a golden opportunity for many patients and healthcare providers alike. The general practitioner may contact a specialist for advice, where a central hospital provides support to smaller hospitals by providing specialized training and consultations. (Mobbs, et al., 2020). Telemedicine has changed the way people work. Several scientific studies have concluded that virtual meeting, video conferencing and team chatting are the new normal in the healthcare industry. The use of such emerging technologies is critical to the health of a growing business. 4

Anyone from an employee to a project manager, the health sector must rely on group communication technology to be able to do its job and bridge the gap between patients and medical staff in time and space. Pharmaceutical and medical companies are taking advantage of the speed and convenience of a video-centric communication approach. However, despite the prevalence of telemedicine in many countries, there are still some obstacles in developing countries. The first challenge was the acceptance of patients to undertake this experience; Some of them had concerns about maintaining their privacy, in addition to technical problems, which prompted some patients to apologize for virtual visits. (Morris, 2020). According to that, this study sets the following main research question: ● What are the factors that impact on user behavior to adopt telemedicine health services in KSA? 4. Research Objectives (purpose) The aim of this research is to highlight how Saudi Arabia has used digital technology during the COVID-19 pandemic in the domains of public health and health care services Also, the research seeks to achieve the following objectives: ● Investigate the factors that influence on patient behavior towards the adoption of telemedicine health services in KSA. ● To find out the different benefits of virtual meeting in healthcare industry in Saudi Arabia. ● To encourage using of multimedia in virtual meeting in health care sector in KSA. 5. Research questions It is critical for Saudi Arabia's remote healthcare personnel to identify which aspects of videoconferencing are beneficial and which ones are ineffective. This study aims to find out 5

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how videoconferencing can be used for work-related meetings. Based on our examination of the literature, the following questions are being addressed: RQ1: In what ways does the use of videoconferencing enhance the user experience or meet effectiveness in healthcare industry? RQ2: How can virtual meetings affect innovation performance in healthcare in KSA? RQ3: Are there any challenges that face users when using video conferencing in a virtual meeting? Please insert the same sections as in the research proposal project. 6

Literature Review The Next Year for Coronaviruses Introduction Since it was designated a worldwide pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019, COVID-19 has infected more than 45 million individuals and killed more than 1 million people. (World Health Organization, 2020). The European Centre for Disease Prevention and 7 Chapter 2

Control (ECDPC) estimates that by 2020, there was a total of 66 million people in Europe. In response to COVID-19's fast spread, whole villages were evacuated, and companies were forced to close as a result of the quarantine (Standaert et al., 2021). Following an increase in the usage of technology that was previously considered unnecessary, authorities have granted permission for its continued use in the interest of supporting economic activity. Since then, an increasing number of businesses of all sizes have used technology to improve their operations, including Zoom virtual meetings and other strategies (Morris, 2020). When the COVID-19 pandemic was declared as a public health emergency by different levels of government, these technologies quickly emerged as one of the most effective means of surviving the outbreak. Management and project management may be carried out from a distance, and business meetings can be conducted without the need for face-to-face contact with members of the organization's workforce. This chapter outlines…. Creating an environment that fosters innovation and creativity in the workplace Organizational culture has been shown to be a valuable resource for supporting innovation, as well as having a significant impact on the success and development of a firm, according to research. Bailenson (Bailenson, 2020). According to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), an organization's culture is defined as a collection of shared values and beliefs that pervades all levels of the organization's hierarchical structure. As part of its commitment to innovation, a business must build a culture that encourages individuality while also encouraging group collaboration and open 8

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communication. Creating an organizational culture that encourages innovation is critical to the success of the innovation process itself. There has been some speculation that (Duffy et al., 2020) Organizations have a variety of aspects such as leadership styles, talents, infrastructure, core values, culture, and business processes, and the difficulty is to align these elements to an innovation framework that is consistent with the organization's goals and objectives. Making it accessible for usage by the whole company will be made possible by the development of an appropriate organizational culture that supports communication and information exchange. 2.1. Importance of telemedecine According to Chunara et al. (2021), telemedicine is a rapidly growing area of clinical medicine in which medical information is transmitted through interactive audio-visual media for the purpose of consultation, and sometimes tele-surgical or examination. There are many types of telemedicine classified according to the technology used, which are : including telemetry which is the simultaneous transmission of critical medical data from outlying places to a central medical facility. Store & forward is the simultaneous provision of medical treatments through telemedicine. As a result of the widespread use of electronic communication services like the Internet and multimedia email, this is now possible. Patients in distant places may consult with a telemedicine doctor who evaluates their medical records and then provides his or her opinion through the same method. Non-emergency medical situations benefit most from this approach. Health care services are provided to patients in their own homes as part of home health care. Low-resolution audio and video signals are sent through communication networks using these methods. A patient may send vital health data (such as pulse rate, blood pressure, and chest 9

sounds) to a doctor at a distance using a particular equipment at home. Still photos may be used to show the dosages of drugs (including the contents of injections) and various skin conditions (Wiederhold, 2020). In the meanwhile, a conference call is going place. During a live video conferencing with a consultant physician from a big hospital, patients and their "case provider" (typically the primary health-care physician who is treating them) communicate with one another. Immediately before the videoconference, the consulting doctor reviews the patient's data and provides a written report summarizing his or her evaluation of the patient. Immediately after the videoconference, the patient will get an email with the report. During a videoconference, it is forbidden to have a life-size presence in the shared space, transmit tactile or olfactory cues, observe what other attendees are looking at, see other attendees' body language and gestures, engage in side conversations with one or more other attendees or examine (Mroz et al., 2018), and manipulate specific physical cues. This also applies when using videoconferencing to conduct a meeting. Participant involvement and multitasking during videoconferences have also been researched. When attending a conference virtually rather than in person, participants showed lower levels of engagement in cognitive and behavioral activities. Using the camera while it is turned off implies minimal participation, however when it is turned on, it signals high participation. According to the participants, this is an essential metric of involvement. A study by Cao and colleagues in 2021 found that roughly 30 percent of videoconference sessions included email multitasking. Three-quarters of the participants reported that turning off the video camera and microphone helped them multitask better. (Mroz et al., 2018), 10

The ability to converse and exchange ideas with individuals through videoconferencing has been shown in studies. When it comes to virtual meetings, people who are single and long for human connection tend to welcome them. However, working parents who feel they must attend too many or intrusive meetings have expressed their displeasure with Zoom fatigue and the associated feelings of being overburdened with meetings. (Charron, J. P. 2017). Furthermore, according to Hacker et al. (2020), creative thinking, discussion, information exchange and issue resolution may be facilitated by the correct meeting arrangement in a number of settings. Employees' social and emotional requirements, including as empowerment, involvement, connection, and supervisor support, may be met in part by these professionals. Negative employee attitudes, decreased employee views of their employment and well-being, and a negative impact on the bottom line are all possible outcomes of poorly designed and handled meetings. According to Doodle's State of Meetings Report, poorly planned meetings cost the United States $399 billion in 2019. (Duffy, M. W. 2020). 2.2. Media Naturalness Theory The focus of this theory is that the public depends on the information of the media to achieve its needs and obtain certain goals, and the important point in this theory is that the media will affect people to the extent that they depend on the information of those media, and this theory focuses on the relationships between systems - small, medium and large information Face-to-face communication has developed in the human brain through time, and the more similar a communication technique is to face-to-face communication, the more natural it is and how much cognitive effort needs to be exerted to utilize such a way in the notion of media naturalness (MNT), there must be five key features of naturalness. Accurate co-location, 11

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synchronization, facial expressions, body language, and verbal comprehension are essential for this kind of work. There are several of these characteristics that seem to be absent in videoconferencing as previously mentioned and shown by past research . As a result, videoconferencing discussion is less natural and requires more mental effort. (Evans, 2020) Several theories, such as the media richness theory and the social presence theory, Media richness theory, sometimes referred to as information richness theory, is a framework for describing communication media according to their ability to produce the information that is transmitted through them. This theory was developed by Richard L. Daft and Robert H. Lengel, and was used to classify and evaluate certain means of communication, such as telephone calls, video conferences, and e-mail. For example, a phone call cannot reduce visual social cues such as gestures, so it is a less rich means of communication than video conferencing, which allows its users to transmit gestures to some degree. Specifically, the media richness theory explained that the more ambiguous the content and the more ambiguous its meanings, the more appropriate the richer media. Based on the theories of contingency and information processing, the media richness theory explains that the richer personal media are more effective than the less wealthy weak media when it comes to communicating opaque issues. Technological development has contributed to the development of social relations that have gone beyond the traditional concept of groups by creating new social relations that are not tied to space, time, nationalities, etc. These relationships occur from virtual groups, so that group members share information and interact with each other, with the aim of achieving certain goals. The social relations resulting from these exchanges enhance the sense of belonging to the community and gradually allow the emergence of an identity defined by the identity of each 12

individual contributing to the group, so that social presence is what characterizes the existence of the community. The individual is in the context of these computer-mediated exchanges. Recognition of the personality traits of a person allows the emergence of social presence, which represents the degree of presence of a person from the perspective of another in the process of interaction. No question, more media material is desirable, according to both the Media Richness Theory and the Social Presence Theory. In general, the greater the number of communication options available, the greater the likelihood that the communication will be successful. Given that it focuses on the biological communication apparatus of the human brain and body, MNT implies that a communication medium may be overloaded with information, resulting in people feeling overwhelmed, unhappy, and less productive. Communicative exchanges are made possible by several components of the brain and body that include the voice tract, facial muscles, and the visual as well as the auditory and visual-motor organs, among others (Evans, 2020). 2.3. Impact of Covid 19 epidemic on firm innovation During the epidemic, advancements were prompted by threats. A crisis, by definition, is a danger to an organization's existence and long-term objectives. Situations that are seen as threatening tend to be negative for the perceiver, and there is an anticipation of loss rather than gain in such situations (Barral, A. Nat. 2020). Danger-rigidity effects may be encountered when companies are confronted with a threat at the outset of a crisis. These effects occur when organizations depend on known routines rather than novel behaviors to deal with the threat (Charron, J. P. 2017). 13

In order to decrease the risks and losses in the situation and maintain crisis management until it is resolved, organizations may improvise, create, and discover solutions to issues after regaining their bearings (Charron, J. P. 2017). After the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, D.C. on September 11, 2001, one of the financial services firms located in the Twin Towers, Cantor Fitzgerald, had to develop new process innovations to address the needs of their lost employees' families and new roles and responsibilities for employees. (Standaert et al., 2021). Such innovation acts as a method of ensuring the survival of the organization in crisis, as well as a means of overcoming the extraordinary challenges that it faces (Bailenson, 2020) During a social crisis, not all companies, however, are subjected to the same amount of danger. For example, during the September 11th crisis, the major danger was posed to the organizations based in the Twin Towers and other organizations in the immediate proximity of the towers. As officials worked to determine the reasons, consequences, and ways of resolving the issue, the ripple effects were felt across the city of New York and the whole nation. In a same vein, we believe that not all organizations will be exposed to the same amount of danger during the Covid-19 epidemic. During the Covid-19 epidemic, s ome companies are more vulnerable than others because of the nature of the danger presented by a virus that is airborne, spreads from person to person via physical and social contacts, and has the potential to be fatal. (CDC, 2020) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2020) . It is these companies that are most sensitive to the virus's effect because of the core technology that requires human and physical interaction during product or service production or delivery. (Fosslien & Duffy, 2020; Strassman, 2020). The virus has also created interruptions in global industrial businesses' essential technologies and supply chains as a result of actions taken to combat it, including lockdowns by different 14

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governments throughout the globe . This has been particularly true for organizations in the car sector (Fosslien & Duffy, 2020; Strassman, 2020). As a result of the Covid-19 virus's direct impact on them, we will concentrate in this part on the threat containment innovations of several firms that have a high level of human physical dependency in their fundamental technologies. (Morris, 2020). For these organizations, there is a strong incentive to innovate, either through the development of new products or through the adoption of existing products, in order to reduce human, physical interdependence in their core technology, as well as the cost to health and life posed by the Covid-19 virus. In view of the pandemic's influence on the business climate, certain companies may have unique chances to adapt their operations (Duffy, M. W. 2020). They will not only be better equipped to handle the present external crisis, but they will also be better prepared for the future if these possibilities are seized. People are more likely to benefit and have a sense of control when the circumstance or opportunity presents itself in crisis or opportunity setting. (Barral, A. Nat. 2020). Also, innovations driven by opportunity are more likely to occur in industries with less interdependence in the way people work together to make and deliver core technology, as well as organizations that have been able to mitigate some risks and capitalize on urgent and relevant needs in their own environments, despite having a lot of interdependence. It is possible for two sorts of enterprises to occur. Businesses may employ remote teams to do jobs that don't need a lot of human involvement with their core technology, which can then be used to manufacture or distribute their products or services. Those in the video streaming and video conferencing industries, as well as others, are examples of these businesses. As a result of 15

the pandemic, demand for these companies' products increased rapidly, and new markets for their use were discovered (Wronski, L. 2020). On the other hand, certain other organizations, such as those involved in the manufacture of appliances, automobiles, and pharmaceuticals, found that, even when their core technologies were not completely protected, the crisis provided opportunities to adapt their core technologies in order to respond to urgent environmental needs. Due to the requirement for vaccinations and other auxiliary medical equipment to be created in a timely way, organizations in these sectors were forced to adapt fast to the changing environment (Fosslien & Duffy, 2020; Strassman, 2020). These firms needed to implement innovations as rapidly as possible, such as personal protective equipment (PPE), testing, and other procedures, in order to lessen the risks associated with physical interdependence in their core technology in order to be able to develop new improvements. (Wiederhold, 2020). Videoconference Barriers Despite the fact that videoconferencing provides a number of environmental and economic benefits , say Video conferencing allows you to give more freedom to your employees, creating a better culture within your company with increased employee satisfaction and work-life balance. Whether the employee is inside or outside the company, they can communicate with you effectively and collaborate on projects through video interviews. Better team management Teams that use the collaboration solutions offered by video conferencing systems can increase their productivity and work together. Voice calls, video calls, screen sharing and even effective text conversations can make the difference, facilitating everyday tasks and being able to collaborate effectively. Easy interfaces and dependable systems make it all happen without complications. Facilitating remote work Remote work can certainly increase the number of talents your company acquires, and video conferencing systems can enable you to take advantage of remote employees while ensuring that 16

they can collaborate with employees within the company effectively. With no transportation costs and no time wasted, these systems make collaboration on large projects go well , it is still seen as a "niche" technology by many. The use of the word by the media behemoth Pearson serves as a good example of this point. According to the study's findings, "the corporation used its video conferencing rooms for a total of 9,000 hours last year, an increase from 2006 but still a small fraction of the time spent traveling by air." "The corporation utilized its video conferencing rooms for a total of 9,000 hours last year, an increase from 2006 but still a small fraction of the time spent traveling by air," the researchers write. During the previous year, the average employee spent less than 20 minutes engaging in video conferencing sessions. In fact, the time it took to fly the average distance of 4,000 miles was perhaps the most enjoyable portion of a working week." Videoconferencing technology will never completely replace the need for some sorts of corporate meetings.. Body language and other nonverbal communication are very important, and it may be difficult to replicate those components of communication that are concerned with establishing or solidifying trust in an electronic context. (Morris, 2020). Among the other reasons are worries about privacy, security, and secrecy, which may lead to people being fearful of accepting the possibility that others are listening in on or observing their conversation. There are several sessions that may be held with videoconferencing that do not provide such complications. According to the findings of a survey conducted by the United Kingdom Department for International Development (Morris, 2020)., despite the fact that videoconferencing technology is already widely used, 64 percent of respondents believed that existing meetings could benefit from additional inputs provided by videoconferencing, and 47 percent believed that videoconferencing could be used to replace additional meetings altogether. This ‘latent demand’ is being impeded by a number of barriers are associated with the use of this technology , including: 17

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• Concerns concerning efficacy; As the effectiveness of the product and its quality clearly benefit from the spread of demand for it and the completion of more of the product, but as a result of concerns about effectiveness, this leads to the existence of more barriers • Technology accessibility; Also, the lack of access to technology easily can also be a strong reason for creating barriers to demand for some people not knowing how to access the site and other reasons • Vendor incentives are insufficient. The sellers’ incentives may not motivate people, such as the decrease in price or the form of product presentation that is inappropriate for the user’s understanding and thus affects demand and leads to the creation of strong barriers Additionally, there are various considerations that undermine the rationale for increased videoconferencing usage to achieve environmental benefits: • Incentives of users are misaligned; • Inadequate strategic impetus; and • Insufficient information . The information in the market is not enough for the user to meet the demand, which leads to more barriers in the market The coronavirus pandemic had on health employment? Companies throughout the country are starting to reopen, and the economic consequences of the early outbreak are beginning to be rebalanced and evaluated. At the commencement of COVID- 19, which started in the spring of 2019, the health sector, like the rest of the economy, witnessed a considerable fall in revenues and employment levels, as did the rest of the economy. (Fosslien & Duffy, 2020; Strassman, 2020). 18

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says that health care use went down because providers stopped offering elective treatments and patients who kept their distance from each other didn't go to the doctor's office or the emergency room. The pandemic has led to lower than expected levels of use of health services, based on levels seen in the years before the outbreak. As a result, the number of jobs in the health sector has stayed below pre-pandemic levels. (Wronski, L. 2020) In this chart collection, data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics shows that jobs and wages in the healthcare industry have rebounded, as well as how this recovery has been spread out across the different types of businesses in the health care field (JOLTS). How Saudi Arabia face covid -19 Digitalization of the Health Care Sector in KSA It has put a number of tools were put in place to help the Saudi Ministry of Health get public health information to people and the whole country after the COVID-19 virus spread. Tools for Informatics in Public Health The Ministry of Health wants to make a mobile app and web-based service called Mawid, which stands for "National Central Health Care Appointment Gateway." The abbreviation "Appointment" is the name of the service. An app called Sehhaty (My Health) was made in August of 2019 to help with a wide range of health-related activities, including gamification and community-wide challenges. It was designed to help people live healthy lives. Symptom checkers have been added to both apps in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Users who think they have COVID-19 can make appointments directly with COVID-19 clinics and drive-through mass testing facilities around the Kingdom. (Mobbs, et al., 2020). 19

There is a reliable source of data for all COVID-19 lab tests in the Kingdom. The Health Electronic Monitoring Network has been the main source of data for COVID-19 monitoring in the Kingdom. The HESN is a central place to keep track of infectious illnesses across the United States, and it is run by the CDC. Saudi Arabia's annual pilgrimage season, or Hajj, is the country's most important public health event. In 2012, it was first tested during this time, and it was found to be safe. Currently, it is being made bigger. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Patient Tracing Unit (Taqasi) platform was set up in March 2020. This was an extra way to fight against the COVID-19 virus. The goal of this group is to improve and manage contact tracing across the Kingdom in line with lab results from the HESN. There are some suggestions from the medical community in the area about how to keep people away from their homes every day and to keep an eye on small cases and contacts. The National Health Emergency Operation Center made a smartphone app called Tetamman, which means "Rest Assured" in the language of the country where it was made. In May 2020, the Ministry of Health says there will be a smart bracelet for people who have been away and for people who are alone at home. 2020 is coming up. (Bailenson, 2020) Experts say that contact tracing is an important tool for controlling the COVID-19 epidemic and making sure the lockdown can be safely lifted. This was made possible by the introduction of two smartphone apps by the Saudi Data and AI Authority (SDAIA). GPS-enabled app Tawakkalna is the first one. During curfew hours, it monitors and restricts people's movements, but they have the option to let them go. It can now be bought in Indonesia. There is also a second app called Tabaud, which means "Distancing." This app sends deidentified information about anyone who has been near COVID-19 instances that have been verified. The software follows 20

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the rules set by both Google and Apple for protecting personal information around the world (Bailenson, 2020). Delivery of Health-Care Services The Ministry of Health (MOH), which acts as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's principal health- care provider, is usually considered as the most trustworthy source of reliable and authentic health information for the local population. A few instances of how health care may be provided in a variety of ways include military, academic, and commercial sectors. All levels of treatment, including tertiary, secondary, and primary care, are available to both nationals and non-nationals. In 2011, an agreement was made with the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health to use electronic communication and information technology (ECIT) to improve the quality, equity, and accessibility of health care in the country. A major emphasis of the Vision 2030 National Transformation Program's 2018-2020 health care plan is on increasing access to care, improving the quality of treatment, and encouraging healthy lifestyles and illness prevention, among other things. 2020 will be the year of our Lord. (Peters; Thorp-Lancaster, respectively.) The decision to develop multisectoral integrated telehealth services via the National Health Information Center (NHIC) is a significant acknowledgement of the role that electronic health plays in the change of health-care delivery. To tackle the sickness, the Saudi Arabian government and the commercial health-care sector utilised and developed new digital health technologies, while also implementing the aforementioned community-wide activities to limit the spread of COVID-19. The usage of teleconsultation software by hospitals prior to the implementation of COVID-19 was initiated to aid patients who did not need in-person hospital visits. Two examples are the Dr 21

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Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, which operates in the private sector, and the King Saud Medical City. Several WhatsApp lines have been set up by Qatif Central Hospital and its primary care clinics in the Eastern Region to aid patients in registering prescription refill requests, scheduling remote regular follow-ups, and enquiring about their laboratory results. These hospitals and medical cities are located across the area. In Saudi Arabia, messaging apps such as WhatsApp are commonly used to interact with friends and family. Standaert and his associates (2021). Periods of pandemic outbreak have been proven to be associated with an increase in stress due to apprehension about the unknown and feelings of isolation. Because of this, research suggests that communities should be provided with psychological assistance at such times. (Peters, 2020; Thorp-Lancaster, 2020) The National Center for Mental Health Promotion (NCMHP) and the developers of the Labayh app have teamed together to provide free sessions to anyone suffering from anxiety and panic attacks. The Saudi Commission for Health Specialties (SCFHS) has also created mental health support services for health care professionals and residents in training as part of its Emtenan program (Daem). SMS messages were also issued to registered health care workers by the SCFHS inquiring about their well-being and warning them to be careful in their jobs. (Strassman, 2020) Until recently, the Ministry of Health and other tertiary health care institutions delivered prescription medications directly into patients' homes through courier services or developed telepharmacy services of their own. In addition, the Ministry of Health (MOH) reminded all 22

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registered health care practitioners to utilize the electronic prescription (e-prescription) services given by private sector pharmacies through SMS text message. Think about the Anat mobile application, which allows skilled and competent doctors to immediately digitally prescribe prescriptions for patients through a smartphone. (Standaert et al., 2021). The Wasfaty app, which means "My Prescription," is the official way to get electronic prescriptions from the Ministry of Health's free services. It is called "My Prescription." It can send patients electronic prescriptions via text message after they have a medical consultation with a doctor through the Sehha app. This app has been popular in Saudi Arabia in recent years. Companies like Cura and Maya Clinic are giving their customers the same services as COVID- 19, either for free or at a low price. (Kock, 2004) A royal decree from Saudi Arabia's King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud changed the country's health professionals' practice regulations so that telemedicine could be used for diagnostic and management purposes both at work and at home. This is because telemedicine has been very successful. This royal edict also tells all businesses in the area to change their rules so they can follow the new law (Strassman, 2020). Previous studies: Workplace Meetings may be conducted using videoconferencing Determinants of the adoption of telemedicine health services It makes the patient more accessible to the service as he can use a mobile phone or other device to upload records of food, medicines, doses and blood sugar levels for review by a nurse who can communicate with him electronically. 23

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Watch a video showing how to count carbohydrates and download a mobile app to do just that. Use the same program to estimate how much insulin you need based on your diet and level of exercise. Use the electronic patient portal to see test results, schedule medical appointments, request a prescription refill, or send an email to your doctor. Order test kits and medicines online. Undergo a retinal exam at your doctor's office instead of making an appointment with a specialist. Receive an email, text, or phone notification reminding you of the need to get a flu shot, a foot test, or other preventative care. Telecare goals, also known as e-health or mobile health, include: Access to health care for people living in rural or isolated communities. Providing services more easily or conveniently to people with limited movement, time, or transportation options. Providing access to medical professionals. Improving communication and coordination of care between health care team members and patients. Provide support for health care self-management. The following examples of telehealth services may be useful to your health care. patient portal 24

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The primary care clinic that follows your case may provide an online patient portal. These portals serve as an alternative to email, which is a generally unsecure way to communicate private medical information. The portal provides a safer online tool to do the following: Communicate with your doctor or nurse. Request additional refills from the prescription. Review test results and summaries of previous visits. Schedule medical appointments or request appointment reminders. If your doctor is part of a large healthcare system, the portal may also provide a single point of contact for any specialists of your choice. Virtual appointments Some clinics can offer virtual appointments where you can meet with your doctor or nurse via online video conferencing. These appointments enable you to receive ongoing care from your regular doctor when an in-person visit is not required or possible. Other virtual appointments include web-based "visits" with a doctor or nurse practitioner. These services are generally reserved for minor ailments, and are similar to those provided by rapid detection clinics. There are also some large companies that provide access to virtual doctors' clinics as part of their healthcare offerings. 25

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When you sign in to a web-based service, you are guided through a series of questions. A doctor or nurse practitioner can prescribe medications, suggest home care strategies or recommend additional medical car It's no secret that virtual teams and educational institutions are increasingly turning to videoconferencing for collaboration (Correia et al., 2020), but our research focuses on the usage of videoconferencing in important meetings (Dulebon & Hoch, 2017; Gibbs et al., 2017). as an example, Zoom, Microsoft Teams, GoTo Meeting, Google Meet, and Skype for Business)). Since videoconferencing and other meeting modes (such as in-person meetings and audio conferencing) support diverse meeting objectives, researchers have evaluated how well they have been able to accomplish their intended outcomes focused on the factors that influence on patient behavior towards the adoption of such telemedicine health services. the transmission of haptic (touch) or olfactory cues, the ability to observe what attendees are viewing, the viewing of attendees' body language and gestures, as well as the examination and/or manipulation of specific physical objects such as prototypes or swatches, cannot be achieved via videoconferencing (Standaert et al., 2021). To understand the social dynamics of a group (i.e., who is important) and to perceive communication cues, such as whoever someone was staring at, has been demonstrated to be negatively affected by videoconferencing. Videoconference sessions have also been studied in terms of participant involvement and multitasking behavior. There is a lack of incentive to participate both behaviorally and intellectually in a meeting if it is conducted remotely, according to Kuzminykh and Rintel (2020a). Camera on or off was also seen as an indication of engagement, with the camera suggesting a high level of interest and the video indicating low interest. In videoconference 26

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meetings, Cao et al. (2021) discovered that roughly 30 percent of sessions used email multitasking. Some 32% of respondents said they were more inclined to multitask when the camera and microphone were switched off. In addition, they found that multitasking was more likely to occur in big, long-lasting, early-morning meetings, which were often planned, and seen as less important. Multitasking in meetings can have both positive and negative outcomes, with some participants (15 percent) reporting increased productivity while others (36 percent) reported negative outcomes such as losing track of important meeting content, increased mental fatigue, and being perceived as rude, impolite, or disrespectful by other participants. Due to mandatory work-from-home policies in place during COVID-19, two additional studies examined the problems and effects associated with the increasing usage of videoconferencing systems. Waizenegger et al. (2020) utilized interview data to determine the positive and negative impacts of technology on team cooperation, using Gibson's (1977) affordance theory approach. Because videoconferencing allowed participants to connect with others and exchange ideas, their findings imply that it had a social benefit. Individuals who live alone and want social contact found virtual meetings to be a nice alternative to face-to-face interactions. However, working parents complained more about Zoom fatigue and having too many meetings or feeling that sessions were invasive. Videoconferencing services like Microsoft Teams, Skype, and Zoom were used during COVID- 19. Hacker et al. used an approach called affordance theory to look at how people used these 27

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services (2020). They used text mining to find five big opportunities and five big problems. Among other things, videoconferencing lets people talk to friends and family, go to events, do things together with their friends and family, and buy things that aren't fun. There was a lack of videoconferencing advanced technologies or an inability to set it up properly, as well as dread of being on camera, zoom fatigue, revealing one's own living space, and a general lack of safety. Saudi Arabia published its national goal, Vision 2030, in 2017, aiming to digitally transform various sectors. A COVID-19 epidemic has hastened this. This incident has challenged digital infrastructure and posed issues for decision-makers. Everyone in Saudi Arabia took part in a statewide experiment to explore how they react to digitisation. It's too early to analyze Saudi Arabia's distinct digital experience. For example, institutions, employees, and customers might all benefit from studying the pros and pitfalls of this digital experience. Summary : This chapter talked about the importance of technology and how it helps the patient in choosing treatment and quickly accessing it via the mobile phone and other things used. And then the Internet can be used as a means to increase sales and reduce risks, and then enable the world to avoid the seriousness of the crisis and how to reach the largest number of sales Conclusion: When a crisis like the COVID-19 epidemic causes major upheaval in business models and society, it's important to reconsider how open innovation may be used to address it. The literature on innovation management has not adequately addressed this topic. The battle against the illness 28

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requires teamwork and an open and cooperative mindset. It is also important to note that open innovation will play a crucial part in the pandemic's recovery. Immediate reactions and resource limitations must be taken into account, which necessitates collaboration and exchange of information across many fields. Open innovation approach in crisis is examined by evaluating the reactions of Saudi Arabia's healthcare industry to COVID-19. Four key topics emerged from our research, which cover the inbound, outward, and linked innovation components of open innovation strategies on the one hand, and their hard and soft sides on the other. Both business ecosystems and the Triple Helix idea outline how governments may plan and optimize innovation by including universities, industry, and the public. This study provides vital insights into the creation of regulatory policy for generating and embracing the "new normal" by concentrating on open innovation tactics in crises rather than continual improvement and awareness. Our results also have a policy perspective and are consequently intended at practitioners, private sector institutions, and research sectors, as we address basic challenges of technological advancement and growth. As a starting point for product creation, modular design may be used as a possible resource pool for enterprises to draw from. It is important to note that the Triple Helix model may be a significant mechanism by which new goods, processes, and industrial systems in the context of a larger ecosystem are turned into the wider economic system. There are several ways in which corporations may interact with a wide range of experts in order to 29

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extend their network of contacts. As a third benefit, the digital platform serves as a catalyst for new ideas. A digital technology crowdsourcing platform may be used to generate solutions for organizations. In addition to accelerating innovation, digital transformation also makes use of the strength of online communities. Fourth, for policymakers, crisis-driven policy is necessary policy to be mission-oriented. For healthcare, companies and society to recover in the long-term, they require collaborative ways that emphasize sustainability-oriented innovation, and these approaches may be realized via open innovation techniques. References ● Alboraie, M., Allam, M. A., Youssef, N., Abdalgaber, M., El-Raey, F., Abdeen, N., ... & Zaky, S. (2021). Knowledge, Applicability, and Barriers of Telemedicine in Egypt: A National Survey. International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications, 2021. ● Barral, A. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 666–667 (2020). ● Charron, J. P. (2017). Music audiences 3.0: Concert-goers’ psychological motivations at the dawn of virtual reality. Frontiers in Psychology, ● Chunara, R., Zhao, Y., Chen, J., Lawrence, K., Testa, P. A., Nov, O., & Mann, D. M. (2021). Telemedicine and healthcare disparities: a cohort study in a large healthcare system in New York City during COVID-19. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 28(1), 33-41. ● Cyarto, E. V., Batchelor, F., Baker, S., & Dow, B. (2016). Active ageing with avatars. Proceedings of the 28th Australian conference on computer-human interaction 30

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● Ellis, T., Latham, N. K., DeAngelis, T. R., Thomas, C. A., Saint-Hilaire, M., & Bickmore, T. W. (2013). ● Fosslien, L., & Duffy, M. W. (2020). How to combat zoom fatigue. Harvard Business Review. ● Holtz, B. E. (2021). Patients’ perceptions of telemedicine visits before and after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Telemedicine and e-Health, 27(1), 107-112. ● Jelodar, H., Wang, Y., Yuan, C., Feng, X., Jiang, X., Li, Y., & Zhao, L. (2019). Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) and topic modeling: Models, applications, a survey. Multimedia Tools and Applications, ● Jnr, B. A. (2020). Use of telemedicine and virtual care for remote treatment in response to COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of medical systems, 44(7), 1-9. ● Mobbs, R. J., Ho, D., Choy, W. J., Betteridge, C., & Lin, H. (2020). COVID-19 is shifting the adoption of wearable monitoring and telemedicine (WearTel) in the delivery of healthcare: opinion piece. Annals of Translational Medicine, 8(20). ● Oesterle, T. S., Kolla, B., Risma, C. J., Breitinger, S. A., Rakocevic, D. B., Loukianova, L. L., ... & Gold, M. S. (2020). Substance use disorders and telehealth in the COVID-19 pandemic era: a new outlook. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Elsevier. ● Porath, S. L. (2018). A powerful influence: An online book club for educators. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, ● Rahi, S., Khan, M. M., & Alghizzawi, M. (2021). Factors influencing the adoption of telemedicine health services during COVID-19 pandemic crisis: an integrative research model. Enterprise Information Systems, 15(6), 769-793. 31

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● Roos, G., Oláh, J., Ingle, R., Kobayashi, R. & Feldt, M. Comput. Theor. Chem. 1189, 112975 (2020). ● Wronski, L. (2020). Op-ed: The next Silicon Valley exodus — over 25% of tech sector wants permanent work from home. ● Evans, B. (2020, June 4). The Zoom revolution: 10 eye-popping stats from tech’s new superstar. Cloud Wars. https://cloudwars.co/covid-19/zoom-quarter-10-eyepopping- stats-from-techs-new-superstar/ ● Peters, P. (2020. April 28). Google’s Meet teleconferencing service now adding about 3 million users per day. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/28/21240434/google-meet-three-million-users-per- day-pichai-earnings ● Thorp-Lancaster, D. (2020, April 29). Microsoft Teams hits 75 million daily active users, up from 44 million in March. Windows Central. https://www.windowscen tral.com/microsoft-teams-hits-75-million-daily-active-users ● Standaert, W., Muylle, S., & Basu, A. (2016). An empirical study of the effectiveness of telepresence as a business meeting mode. Information Technology Management, 17, 323–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10799-015-0221-9 ● Standaert, W., Muylle, S., & Basu, A. (2021). How shall we meet? Understanding the importance of meeting mode capabilities for different meeting objectives. Information & Management, 58(1), 103393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2020.103393 32

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● Fosslien, L., & Duffy, M. W. (2020, April 29). How to combat Zoom fatigue. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2020/04/how-to-combat-zoom-fatigue ● Bailenson, J. (2020, April 3). Why zoom meetings can exhaust us; being gazed at by giant heads can take a mental toll. New technologies may remedy that problem. ● Morris, B. (2020, May 28). Why does Zoom exhaust you? Science has an answer. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-does-zoom-exhaust-you-science-has- an-answer-11590600269. ● Strassman, M. (2020, August 27). Strategies to eliminate zoom fatigue. Fast Company. https://www.fastcompany.com/90543890/try-this-strategy-to-eliminate-zoom-fatigue- and-help-teams-collaborate ● Wiederhold, B. K. (2020). Connecting through technology during the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Avoiding “Zoom fatigue.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(7), 437–438. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.29188.bkw ● Kock, N. (2004). The psychobiological model: Towards a new theory of computer- mediated communication based on Darwinian evolution. Organization Science, 15(3), 327–348. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1040.0071 ● Mroz, J., Allen, J., Verhoeven, D., & Shuffler, M. (2018). Do we really need another meeting? The science of workplace meetings. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(6), 484–491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418776307 33

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Doctor Correction Mishael Alfirm Research Proposal chapter 1 ^LLM 2 (1) (1)-1-1

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