Understanding Criminal Justice: Key Concepts and Systems

Lecture 1 1. What is the definition of the study of Criminal Justice? A) A focus on understanding criminal behavior in society B) Exploration of legal theories and principles C) Analysis of historical crime patterns D) Refers to an area of knowledge devoted to controlling crime through the scientific administration of police, courts, and correctional agencies 2. The _______ states that “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” (fill in the blank) (10 th Amendment) 3. List the governmental institutions determining the “Formal System of Justice” at the Federal and State Levels. (Federal: Legislative Branch made up of the US Senate and the US House of Representatives, Judicial Branch: Trial Courts (District Courts), Appellate Courts (Circuit Courts of Appeals). Executive (President); State and Local Level: Legislative, State Legislatures, Judicial: courts at both trial and appellate levels, Executive: Governors, Prosecutors, Mayors, and Chiefs of Police.). 4. Which of the following is NOT an example of discretion in the American Justice System A) A police officer chooses to let someone caught speeding off with a warning. B) A Judge imposes a mandatory sentence according to a sentencing guideline. C) A screening prosecutor decides on a crime to charge. D) A parole board decides not to grant parole to a felon, E) All of the above 5. The _________________gives the Federal government law enforcement power in the American Justice System. The Interstate Commerce Clause

6. Which of the following ideas is related to the due process model? A) Reducing obstacles for the prosecution B) Creates obstacles for prosecution C) Consideration of the victim D) Fast and efficient processing 7. List the five stages of the formal system after a crime is committed. Entry into the system, prosecution and pretrial services, adjudication, sentencing and sanctions, and corrections 8. The U.S. has at least ________different justice systems (51) 9. True or False: There is uniformity in the funding for the different states’ criminal justice systems. FALSE, because each state has its own funding system, which affects capacity, performance, and outcomes. 10. List the attributes of each of the two perspectives of justice: Due Process Model  Constitutional Protections  Slow Deliberative Process  Creates Obstacles for the Prosecution Crime Control Model  Consideration of the Victim  Focus on Fast, Efficient Processing  Clearing Obstacles for the Prosecution

Lecture 2 1. What are the advantages of official crime data? A) Only crimes reported to police B) Continuous reporting since 1930 C) Location-specific data D) Cheap to collect E) Extensive coverage F) B, C, D, E G) A, D, E 2. _____ are the three aspects that contribute to “The Crime Picture.” Official, Victim, Offender 3. TRUE OR FALSE According to the UCR, the property crime rate during the 2011- 2021 period increased. FALSE 4. What is the collection protocol for victimization surveys? Random sampling, items (questions), panel design. 5. Give three advantages of crime victimization surveys. Captures non-reported crime, provides circumstances surrounding the crime, provides data on crime reporting practices. 6. Which of the following is NOT an example of an intentional source of official statistics invalidity A) Citizen failure to report a crime B) Underreporting of crime by law enforcement C) Deliberate downgrading of the level of an offense D) Clearing a crime by “exceptional means.”

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7. Property crime arrests usually peak at age ___and drop in half by___ 16 and 20 8. True or False: The perceptions of Americans are that crime is worsening despite official data says otherwise. TRUE 9. In what ways are crime data important? Explanation of what crimes are taking place, prediction of crime trends, and evaluation of crime intervention policies. 10. Which region of the U.S. had the lowest property and violent crime rates? A) Northeast B) Midwest C) South D) West 11. What are self-report surveys of crime? Survey and interview citizens to determine their criminal activity 12. List three different sources of crime data: Uniform Crime Reporting Program, National Crime Victim Survey, Self- reporting surveys

Lecture 3 1. Routine Activities Approach to crime states that ______ is/are the reason(s) for crime rates a. Accessible and attractive targets b. Lack of guardianship c. Pool of motivated offenders d. All of the above 2. Becker believes _________________ analysis is the reason for criminal behavior. Cost/ benefit 3. According to Beccaria’s opinion expressed in the classical theory of criminology, punishment should be ______, _______, and _______. Immediate, certain, and proportional. 4. According to_____, crime is the result of conflict between the id and ego. Freud 5. List the features that Lombroso believes encompass the Criminal Appearance. Acute eyesight, insensitivity to pain, long arms, large jaw, protruding eyebrows, ape-like features 6. What are the three manifestations that delinquency shows itself through Aichorn’s beliefs? a. Impulsivity, lack of empathy, can't feel guilt b. Care for others, love for oneself, feels emotions c. Gang, Murder, Arson d. Narcissism, Anger, Depression 7. True or False: According to Cesare Lombroso an individual can be born a criminal due to physical and/or genetic defects. True 8. List the five different schools of crime theory. Classical, Biological, Sociological, Psychological, and Economic 9. What did Glenn Walters say about how criminals think? Criminals think concretely rather than abstractly, impulsive, irresponsible, self-centered, and motivated by anger or fear: Criminal “Personality.” 10. What are the functions of theory in crime policy? Identifies causal factors, identifies interactions among causal factors, identifies causal process

11. According to Merton, which mode of individual adaptation involves rejecting cultural goals and institutionalized means and replacing them with new goals and means? a. Conformity b. Innovation c. Retreatism d. Rebellion 12. Travis Hirshi’s theory in Causes of Delinquency is an example of a ____________ perspective. Sociological

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Lecture 4 1. Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states “No person shall be…deprived of life, liberty, or property, without ___________. Due Process 2. Which amendment protects against unlawful search and seizure by the government? a. Fifth b. Fourth c. Eighth d. Sixth 3. ____________ is the intent to commit a criminal act. Mens Rea 4. Which amendment protects against excessive bail? a. Fifth b. Fourth c. Eighth d. Sixth 5. The ________Amendment protests against double jeopardy. Fifth 6. The ________gives the right to a speedy trial. Sixth 7. Which Amendment requires that someone be charged in the state or district where an offense occurs? a. Fifth b. Fourth c. Eighth d. Sixth 8. Search warrants require___________. Probable cause 9. Indictments require____________. Probable case 10.Which two Amendments protect due process? 5 th and 14 th 11.List what is meant by due process:  Notice of charges  Right to counsel  Opportunity to respond to charges  Confront accusers and witnesses

 Verdict based on substantial evidence at a hearing  Written statement of the reasons for the decision  Appellate review of procedure 12. Which are the families of law included in the American Justice System? Common Law and Code Law

Lecture 5 1. Sir Robert Peel is known for ________________________. Creation of the London Metropolitan Police Force. 2. The Pledge System was created on which of the following: a. Justice b. Law and Order c. Collective Responsibility d. Individual responsibility 3. List the characteristics of the political era in policing. Corruption, linkage to political bosses, unreliable and unprofessional, limited training. 4. Where were the first two police departments in the U.S.? Boston 1838, NYC 1844. 5. Which era was technology first incorporated into policing? a. Political b. Reform c. Professional d. Community Policing e. None of the above 6. True or False: The police can effectively deal with mental health crises . False 7. The first study of the effectiveness of policing was _______________which examined how well police enforced prohibition. Wickersham Commission, which President Hoover appointed. 8. The ___________is a type of policing that focuses on order maintenance rather than code enforcement. Watchman Style 9. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the post-9/11 era of policing a. Intelligence gathering b. Establishing ties with the community c. Use of equipment from the 1033 program d. Increased collaboration among jurisdictions 10.List four police functions. Patrol, Investigation, Regulatory, Community Service

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Lecture 6 1. The____________ U.S. Supreme Court case extended the right to counsel to state courts. Gideon v. Wainwright 2. A Grand Jury is all EXCEPT a. An investigative body run by the prosecutor b. Composed of citizens c. Usually has an odd number of members d. Sits for a specified term e. Indicts when the evidence is beyond a reasonable doubt as to an accused’s guilt 3. True or False: A Prosecutor’s information presented to a Magistrate Judge is an alternative to a Grand Jury indictment. True 4. List two common practices in Plea Bargains. Charges may be reduced; number of counts may be reduced. 5. In the pretrial process, during the initial appearance in court ___________ is determined. Bail/Pretrial Detention. 6. How are Federal Prosecutors selected? Appointed 7. How are state and local prosecutors selected? Elected or appointed 8. Which of the following is NOT a system factor in prosecutorial discretion a. Caseload b. Strength of Evidence c. Case Priority d. Political Sensitivity 9. True or False: On average, public prosecutors are paid more than public defense attorneys. TRUE

Lecture 7 1. In this judicial process laid out in the state’s constitution, judges who serve under the ________ have been nominated by a judicial commission and then selected by the governor. After their first 12 months on the bench and the end of each term, nonpartisan judges must go before the voters in a retention election. Missouri Plan 2. In a criminal case, the _________bears the burden of proof. Prosecution 3. True or False: Plea bargaining occurs in over 90% of cases. True 4. Voir dire is the process by which a. Judges are chosen for state courts b. Judges are chosen in Federal courts c. It is determined who sits on a Grand Jury d. It is determined who sits on a trial jury 5. During a criminal trial, the __________begins and ends a trial. Prosecution 6. __________are finders of fact and ________are finders of law. Juries, Judges 7. In place of an indictment, a magistrate judge can order a ___________hearing to determine if there is sufficient evidence to charge a defendant with a crime. Probable Cause 8. True or False: Federal Judges can be subject to a retention election. FALSE 9. True or False: A plea bargain will take place before conviction. TRUE 10. What are the three ways in which judges are selected for state courts? Appointment by a governor, election, and the Missouri plan

Lecture 8 1. The five rationales for sentencing are: General Deterrence, Special Deterrence, Incapacitation, Just Deserts, and Rehabilitation 2. Indeterminate sentences are for a a. Unknown number of years b. Range of years c. At the complete discretion of prosecutors d. Is what is used on the Federal level today 3. True or False: the 1984 Sentencing Reform Act is fully in force today. FALSE 4. What was the significance of U.S. v. Booker? a. It invalidated the 1984 Sentencing Reform Act b. It eliminated indeterminate sentencing c. It eliminated parole on the Federal level d. It eliminated mandatory sentences in 1984 Sentencing Reform Act 5. Which of the following is NOT a legal factor used in pre-sentencing guidelines? a. Prior Criminal record b. Victim Characteristics c. Severity of Offense d. Legally mitigating circumstances. 6. Which of the following did the Middle Ages use as punishment? a. Banishment b. Forced Labor c. Blood Feuds d. Rehabilitation 7. True or False: There is more probation sentencing than prison sentencing in federal sentencing. False 8. Historically, how convicted offenders are sentenced falls under one of two penal policies: ____________and __________sentences. Indeterminate , Determinate

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9. List three legal factors that affected sentencing before the advent of sentencing guidelines on the Federal level. The severity of the offense, prior criminal record, and legally mitigating circumstances. 10.Which of the following is NOT a factor in the Federal Sentencing Guidelines a. The severity of the Offense b. Prior Criminal Record c. Race of the accused d. Enhancements (weapons, injuries, etc.) e. 5K1 circumstances 11.True or False: Almost 90 percent of offenders are sentenced to prison on the federal level. TRUE 12.True or False: Criminal history does not play a significant role in Federal sentencing. False 13.5k1 departures from Federal Sentencing Guidelines a. Allows for a reduction in sentence if a first-time offender b. Adds time to a sentence if a repeat offender c. Reduces sentence if government states that offender offered substantial assistance to authorities d. Adds time to sentence after victim’s impact statements are filed.

Lecture 9 1. Who introduced the idea of probation? a. William Penn b. Jeremy Bentham c. John Howard d. John Augustus 2. The Pennsylvania System a. Was a penal method based on the principle that solitary confinement fosters penitence and encourages reformation b. Was where workers worked during the day and were kept in solitary at night, with silence enforced at all times c. Replaced torture and mutilation with hard labor d. None of the above. 3. List the rationales for probation. Average offender not dangerous; institutionalization impedes readjustment to the community; close supervision. 4. True or False: As a result of Federal Criminal Code reform, the Federal Prison System came to have the majority of inmates incarcerated in the U.S. FALSE 5. Which of the following is a right that is NOT lost when an offender is released from prison: a. To become an attorney b. Parental rights c. Public employment d. Jury Service

e. To possess a firearm. 6. The _________has the highest incarceration rate of any country. United States. 7. True or False: Those imprisoned for a Federal crime are eligible for parole after serving 80 percent of their sentence. FALSE 8. What is “shock probation ?” A convicted offender is initially sentenced to imprisonment and then has their prison sentence suspended with the remainder of the sentence served on probation. 9. True or false: Parole on the state level is automatically guaranteed once a convict has served 80% of their term. FALSE 10.True or False: Jail conditions are a reflection of community values. TRUE 11.The most recent innovation in jail design is _____________________ Direct supervision 12.True or false: Inmates incarcerated in private prisons have the same recourse to the courts as prisoners in state-run prisons to protect their rights. FALSE 13. Prisons are mostly located in____________, while jails are mostly located in_____________. Rural areas, Urban areas

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Lecture 10 1. Juveniles can be held in preventative detention if they are a to the community. RISK 2. List the major provisions of the 1899 Juvenile Court Act in Illinois  Separate court for juveniles  Special court procedures for juvenile courts  Separation of juveniles & adults in all portions of the justice system  Programs designed in the best interest of juveniles. 3. The period of juvenile justice that we are in now is known as the _________. a. Puritan period b. Crime Control period c. Juvenile Court period d. Kids are different period e. Juvenile rights period 4. Which of the following categories of cases are under juvenile jurisdiction? a. Delinquency b. Status offenses c. Neglect offenses d. Dependency e. All of the above 5. True or false: During the Juvenile rights period, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that juveniles are not entitled to a trial by jury . TRUE 6. What makes a juvenile delinquent? A child who commits an act that, if committed by an adult, would be a crime. 7. What is the upper age limit of the juvenile court? Between 15 and 17 8. During the Refuge Period, how did the focus of juvenile crime change? It turned to urban immigrant poor children. 9. The 1646 Massachusetts Suborn Child Law____________________.

Viewed problem children as evil and emphasized family discipline. 10.During the Crime Control Period a. The public saw the problem of juvenile crime as distinct from adult crime. b. There was a Focus on first-time offenders c. There was a Focus on repeat offenders d. There were increased calls for shifting juvenile offenders to the adult criminal justice system. 11.During the Juvenile court period reformers urged_______________ Juvenile probation, treatment, and indeterminate sentences 12. What are the two key factors when characterizing a juvenile justice case? Age of clients; Categories of cases under juvenile jurisdiction 13.____________refer to non-criminal behavior, such as truancy or curfew violation, deemed illegal due to the individual's juvenile status. Status offenses

Combined Study Guide Final JLC 104 Fall 23

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