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Why is business process modeling important? Business process models describe the different activities that when combined together support a business process. Business processes typically cut across functional departments. They are very powerful tools for communicating the analyst's current understanding of the requirements with the user. Describe how to create use cases. 1. Write each step in the SVDPI form 2. Make clear the initiator and receiver of action in each step 3. Write the step from the perspective of an independent observer 4. Write all steps at the same level of abstraction 5. Ensure that each use case represents a sensible set of actions 6. Keep all steps as simple as possible 7. Repeat all actions as necessary. Why do we strive to have about three to nine major use cases in a business process? This is about the number of discrete items most people can comfortably deal with at one time. Having fewer major use cases may mean that we are collecting too many activities together into each use case. Having more major use cases may mean that we are describing more than one business process Describe how to create use case diagrams. 1) Start by drawing the system boundary 2) Draw the use cases on the diagram 3) Place the actors on the diagram 4) Draw the lines connecting the actors to the use cases with which they interact How is use case diagramming related to functional modeling? The purpose of use-case models is to provide a description of the problem domain. The use case descriptions and diagrams provide a formal definition of the functionality of the business processes Actor The actor is someone/something outside the system that provides information that the system needs. the actor can also recieve information that the system creates Use case A use case is a description of what the system does from the perspective of the user System boundary The system boundary is the dividing point between those items that are included in the system and those that are not. The boundary separates the parts of a job that are done by the application from those that are done by actors Relationship: Use cases are not independent and stand alone items in most examples. Pairs (or more) of use cases can be related and can be associated Every association must be connected to at least one _______ and one _________. Why? Every association must be connected to at least one use case and one actor. This is the definition of an association — it shows two-way communication between the use case and the actor. What are some heuristics for creating a use case diagram? No order is implied by the diagram, so it is not important to sequence the various use cases. It is usually necessary to redraw the diagram several times to make the diagram easy to read. There should be no more than three to nine use cases on the model to keep it simple yet informative. Why is iteration important in creating use cases? If you go into a project expecting to build it up over time and perform many iterations, you will find that the development process goes more smoothly and is less frustrating What is the purpose of an activity diagram An activity diagram describes the various user (or system) activities, the person who does each activity, and the sequential flow of these activities. What is the difference between an activity and an action? an activity can be decomposed further into a set of activities and/or actions, whereas an action represents a simple non-decomposable piece of the overall behavior being modeled. An Action is a simple, non-decomposable behavior and is labeled by its name Initial control node This node portrays the beginning of a set of actions or activities Final-activity control node This node is used to "stop the process" being modeled Final-flow control node stops a specific path of execution through the business process, but allows the other concurrent or parallel paths to continue Decision control node This node is used to represent the actual test condition that is used to determine which of the paths exiting the decision node is to be traversed Merge control node This node is used to bring back together multiple mutually exclusive paths that have been split based on an earlier decision Fork control node A fork node is used to split the behavior of the business process into multiple parallel or concurrent flows Join control node Finally the join node brings back together the separate parallel or concurrent flows in the business process into a single flow A control flow shows a) The sequence of execution through a business process b) It is represented by a solid line with an arrowhead on it showing the direction of the flow c) These can be attached only to actions or activities An object flow shows: a) The flow of an object from one activity (or action) to another activity (or action) b) They are depicted as a dashed line with an arrow on it showing the direction of the flow c) An individual object flow must be attached to an action or activity on one end and an object node on the other end. What is an object node? Object nodes represent the flow of information from one activity to another activity. Object node is used to represent an object that is connected to a set of Object Flows. How does a detail use case differ from an overview use case? The overview use case provides a high level version of the system. It shows the basic information. the detail level use case shows all of the aspects of the use case needed to document the system. How does an essential use case differ from a real use case? The essential use case uses only the minimal essential issues necessary to understand specific functionality. The real use case adds in the specifics of how the system implements the request. What are the major elements of an overview use case? name, ID number, primary actor, type, and a brief description What are the major elements of a detail use case? elements plus a listing of stakeholders and interests; trigger and trigger type; relationships; normal flow of events; listing of sub-flows and alternate/exceptional flows. What is the viewpoint of a use case, and why is it important? The viewpoint is from outside the system. This is important as a way to translate business needs into technical specifications. It is important to insure that these stakeholders' needs are addressed by the system. What are some guidelines for designing a set of use cases? Give two examples of the extend associations on a use case diagram. Give two examples for the include association. At its highest level, the analyst must consider the major case and its multitude of possible variations; must consider the boundaries, must consider all the stakeholders and all inputs and outputs of the system; and must translate the descriptions accurately into diagrams. extend association can include; out-of-stock situation. discount for the purchase of two rather than just one of an item in stock. include association can include: a customer uses a shopping cart to gather products. "calculate invoice total" use case could use a "look up tax from table" use case Which of the following could be an actor found on a use case diagram? Why? Ms.Mary Smith Supplier Customer Internet customer Mr. John Seals Data entry clerk Database administrator a) Ms. Mary Smith b) Customer c) Internet Customer d) Mr. John Seals. The reason being, an actor is not a specific user, but a role that a user can play while interacting with the system. An actor can also represent another system in which the current system interacts What is CRUD? Why is this useful? CRUD stands for create, read, update, or delete. This is useful because these are the very basic elemental actions that are needed regarding almost all tasks What is a walkthrough? How does it relate to verification and validation? A walkthrough is essentially a peer review of a product. a walkthrough is a review of the different models and diagrams created during functional modeling. The purpose of a walkthrough is to thoroughly test the fidelity of the functional model. It relates to verification and validation in that it uses a team with specific roles to uncover errors in the business process What are the different roles played during a walkthrough? What are their purposes? Presenter - person primarily responsible for the specific representation being reviewed. Recorder- member of analysis team that records all important aspects of the walkthrough. Records discovered errors Maintenance Oracle - Raises issues regarding maintenance of the representation Also needs to be a person who calls, sets up, and runs the meetings How are the different functional models related and does this affect the verification and validation of the models? there should be at least one event recorded in the normal flow of events, sub flows, or alternative/exceptional flows of the use case description for each activity included on the activity diagram. Sequential order of events in the use case description must match sequential order of activities contained in the activity diagram. Must be only one use case for each use case description All actors in the use case description must be in the use case diagram Yes, the relation of the different models affects verification and validation models. If the above criteria are not met, the walkthrough will uncover numerous errors. Describe to a Business Person the multiplicity of a relationship between two classes. When a relationship exists between classes, the multiplicity documents how many objects may or must be associated between these classes in the form of minimum and maximum numbers. In general, multiplicity reflects business rules regarding the nature of these relationships among classes. 2. Why are assumptions important to a structural model? In many cases, the analyst must continue to progress in developing the model, even without knowing all of the business rules. Assumptions are important for continuing to work when faced with uncertainty. The developer should check these assumptions at the earliest possible occasion 00:00 01:15 3. What is an association class? These are classes formed when a relationship itself has associated properties, especially when its classes share a many-to-many relationship Contrast the following set of terms: a) Object; class; instance b) Property; method; attribute c) Super class; subclass d) Concrete class; abstract class class - template that we use to create specific instances, or objects An attribute represents a piece of information relevant to the instance/class in the domain of the particular application a method is something that the object can do, a task that can be performed super class will contain the attributes and operations shared by a number of subclasses subclasses inherit the characteristics of the super class A concrete class is a template actually used to create objects. An abstract class may be a generalization of multiple concrete classes that is useful for indicating common features/attributes/methods for the individual concrete classes, but is not used to generate objects itself 5. Give three examples of derived attributes that may exist on a class diagram. How would they be denoted on the class diagram? a) / age (derived from the difference between birth date and current date. b) / line-item cost (derived from multiplying product price by quantity) c) / grade point average (derived from the dividend of total grade points by total units) 6. What are the different types of visibility? How would they be denoted on a class diagram? Visibility relates to the level of information hiding to be enforced for the attribute public (+), protected (#), or private (-) 7. Draw the relationships that are described by the following business rules. Include the multiplicities for each relationship. a) A patient must be assigned to only one doctor, and a doctor can have one or more patients. b) An employee has one phone extension, and a unique phone extension is assigned to an employee. c) A movie theater shows at least one movie, and a movie can be shown at up to four other movie theaters around town. d) A movie either has one star, two co-stars, or more than 10 people starring together. A star must be in at least one movie. [Patient]1________________1..*[Doctor] [Employee]1_1[Phone Extention] [Theater]1..*_____________1..4[Movie] [Movie]1,2,10______________1..[Star] 8. How do you designate the reading direction of a relationship on a class diagram? A primary purpose of the class diagram is to show the relationships, or associations, that classes have with one another. there really is no definite sequence of these, so one could start anywhere and move in any direction 9. For what purpose is an association class used in a class diagram? Give an example of an association class that may be found in a class diagram that captures students and the courses they have taken. The association class is used to show a relationship where the relationship itself has attributes which has information regarding the relationship itself that should be captured 10. Give two examples of aggregation, generalization, and association relationships. How is each type of association depicted on a class diagram? Aggregation: The spark plug is part of the engine; the engine is part of the car Generalization: The graduate student is a student; the rock music CD is a CD Association: customer orders book; UPS/FedEx/Post Office delivers book Generalization shows that one class (subclass) inherits from another class (superclass) The generalization path is shown with a solid line from the subclass to the superclass Aggregation is used when classes actually comprise other classes 11. Identify the following operations as constructor, query, or update. Which operations would not need to be shown in the class rectangle? Calculate employee raise (raise percent) Calculate sick days ( ) Increment number of employee vacation days ( ) Locate employee name( ) Place request for vacation ( ) Find employee address ( ) Insert employee ( ) Change employee address ( ) Insert spouse ( ) Constructor -- generally available to all classes and not shown Insert employee ( ) Insert spouse ( ) Update Calculate employee raise (raise percent) Calculate sick days ( ) Increment number of employee vacation days ( ) Place request for vacation ( ) Change employee address ( ) Query Locate employee name( ) Find employee address ( ) 12. How are different structural models related and how does this affect verification and validation of the model? Different structural models are related because the primary purpose of each is to create a vocabulary that allows the users and developers to communicate effectively. CRC Cards, class diagrams, and (in some cases) object diagrams are carefully checked for consistency through role-play, walkthroughs, or both. How is behavioral modeling related to structural modeling? Behavioral modeling describes the things that happen and changes that occur during use of a system whereas structural modeling describes the essentially permanent elements of the system. How does a use case relate to a sequence diagram? A communication diagram? the sequence and communication diagrams are used to show the underlying details of business processes portrayed by the use case model. Contrast the following sets of terms: a) state; behavior b) class; object c) action; activity d) use case; scenario e) method; message Objects have behaviors that are described by operations. The state of an object at a given point in time is the collection of data available The class is a template that generates objects. Objects become available to be instantiated with data that pertain to a particular instance of the class/object An action is an atomic, non-decomposable process that cannot be interrupted. the activity is non-atomic and decomposable process that is in essence comprised of actions The use case describes behaviors of a system initiated by an actor and resulting in benefit of the same or another actor. Scenarios comprise the use case including the base case and possible variations. Method is another name for an operation. Methods take action when they receive messages Messages can also be the result of an object's behavior. Why is iteration important when creating a behavioral model? As we develop, expand, and validate one model, we learn more about other aspects of the system, which helps us elaborate on allied models. We need to update older models to reflect the new learning Describe the main building blocks for the sequence diagram and how they are represented on the model. The main elements of the sequence diagram are the actor, object, lifeline, focus of control, message, and object destruction The actor is represented by a stick figure; the object by a rectangle with the object and class names inside; the lifeline by a vertical dotted line; the focus of control by a thin vertical rectangle; the message by an arrow directed line with the name of the message above. The object destruction is shown by an "x" at the end of an object's lifeline. How do you show that a temporary object is to go out of existence on a sequence diagram? Place an "x" at the bottom of its lifeline to show that a temporary object is to go out of existence on a sequence diagram Do lifelines always continue down the entire page of a sequence diagram? Explain. No. When the object continues to exist for the entire sequence of events, then it will continue down to the bottom of the diagram. Otherwise, an "x" shows where it ends. Describe the steps used to create a sequence diagram. a) The context of the sequence diagram must be determined. b) The objects to be used in the sequence being modeled are identified. c) The lifeline for each object is set. d) Messages are added to the diagram. e) The focus of control on each object's lifeline is drawn in. f) The sequence diagram is validated. When drawing a sequence diagram, what guidelines should you follow? a) Try to have the messages not only in a top to bottom order, but also in a left to right order b) If an actor and an object conceptually represent the same idea, label them with the same name. c) The initiator of the scenario should be the drawn as the farthest left item in the diagram. d) When there are multiple objects of the same type, be sure to include a name for the object in addition to the class of the object. e) Show return values only when they are not obvious. f) Justify message names and return values near the arrowhead of the message and return arrows, respectively Describe the main building blocks for the communication diagram and how they are represented on the model. actor, object, association, and message. The actor is the person or system that initiates and derives benefit from the system. Objects participate in the sequence of activities by receiving or sending messages. An association shows a link between actors and/or objects by which messages are conveyed. A message shows that information is being conveyed from one object to another. How do you show the sequence of messages on a communication diagram? Each message is given a number that corresponds with the order in which the message is transmitted. How do you show the direction of a message on a communication diagram? You show the direction of the message by adding an arrowhead