Chapter 3 addressing network review

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Sure, here are the rephrased answers: 43. **Distinguish between unicast, multicast, and anycast addresses.** - Unicast addresses are used to specify a single node on a network, while multicast addresses are intended for delivery to all nodes within a specific multicast group. Anycast addresses, on the other hand, can identify multiple destinations, with packets directed to the nearest destination. For instance, a DNS name server might utilize an anycast address, allowing multiple DNS servers to share the same address. When a DNS request is made, a router determines the closest server to handle the request. 44. **Explain the two different variations of network address translation (NAT).** - Network Address Translation (NAT) comes in two forms: 1. SNAT (Static Network Address Translation or Source Network Address Translation): In SNAT, a gateway assigns the same public IP address to a host every time it requests internet access. This is commonly used in small home networks with a single public IP address. 2. DNAT (Destination Network Address Translation): DNAT is used to allow hosts outside the network to communicate with a computer within the network using a predefined public IP address. When a message is sent to the public IP address, the router managing DNAT changes the destination IP address to the private IP address of the internal host, maintaining a translation table for these mappings. 45. **Differentiate between a port and a socket.** - A port is a numeric identifier assigned to a process, like an application or service, to enable data reception. It distinguishes various processes running on a computer. In contrast, a socket comprises both the host's IP address and a process's TCP or UDP port, with a colon separating them. For instance, Telnet typically uses TCP port 23, and if a host has an IP address of 10.43.3.87, the socket address for Telnet on that host is 10.43.3.87:23. 46. **What are the three different types of port number ranges as defined by IANA?** - The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) defines three types of port number ranges: 1. Well-known ports (0-1023): These are assigned to widely-used utilities and applications, like Telnet, FTP, and HTTP.

2. Registered ports (1024-49151): These ports can be temporarily used for non-standard purposes, and their assignments must be registered with IANA. 3. Dynamic and private ports (49152-65535): These ports are open for use without restrictions. 47. **How can an organization configure a DNS server for use on their network?** - Organizations typically configure DNS servers using these four common types: 1. Primary DNS server: This is the authoritative name server holding the organization's DNS database for its domains, serving both local and external clients. 2. Secondary DNS server: Serving as a backup authoritative name server, it updates its database through zone transfers from the primary server. 3. Caching DNS server: This server collects and caches public DNS data, resolving queries from local network clients by contacting other DNS servers. It doesn't store zone files. 4. Forwarding DNS server: This optional server receives client queries, checking its cache for the required information. If absent, it forwards the query to another server for resolution. 48. **What are the two different types of DNS requests?** - DNS requests fall into two categories: 1. Recursive query: This type of query demands a resolution or an answer stating that the information cannot be found. For instance, the initial request a resolver makes to the local server is a recursive query. 2. Iterative query: An iterative query does not require resolution; instead, when the local server queries other servers, they only provide information if available. 49. **IPv6 features two distinct types of unicast addresses. How do these types differ?** - IPv6 unicast addresses come in two types: 1. Global addresses: These can be routed on the Internet, similar to public IPv4 addresses. Most global addresses start with the prefix 2000::/3. The /3 signifies that the first three bits are fixed and always set to 001. 2. Link-local addresses: These are meant for communication within the same network segment and start with FE80::/10. The first 10 bits are fixed (1111 1110 10), with the remaining 54 bits being zeros. Link-local addresses are not used outside the local network.

50. **Why are the Class D and Class E IPv4 address ranges not generally available for common use?** - Class D addresses, ranging from 224 to 239, are allocated for multicast transmissions, where one host sends data to multiple recipients. For example, in videoconferencing, a single host may transmit to multiple participants. Class E addresses, covering the range from 240 to 254, are reserved for research purposes and are not intended for general use in networking.

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