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History
Date
Dec 6, 2023
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4.1
Progressivism:Movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms
Muckraker: a writer who uncovers and exposes misconduct in businesses or politics
Lincoln Steffens:
Managing editor at McClure's, a magazine known for uncovering social problems. In 1903, he
published The Shame of the Cities , a collection of articles on political corruption
Jacob Riis:
a photographer for the New York Evening Sun, turned his camera on the crowded, unsafe, rat-infested
tenement buildings where the urban poor lived.
Social Gospel:
a reform movement that sought to improve society by applying christian principles
settlement house:a community center that provided services to the urban poor
Jane Addams:
woman, leader in the settlement house movement, opened Hull House, a settlement house in
Chicago
direct primary:an election in which citizens vote to select nominees for the upcoming election
initiative:process in which citizens put a proposed new law directly on that ballot
referendum:process that allows citizens to approve or reject a passed law by legislative
recall:process in which voters can remove elected officials from office before their term is up
Upton Sinclair:
Muckraker who wrote The Jungle - exposing the meat packing industry
Seventeenth Amendment:
gave people the right to vote for there senators instead of the state legislatures;called a direct
election, where the people chose who is in office
Which areas of society did Progressive reformers wish to change?
Who were the muckrakers and what did they accomplish?
How did Progressives work to help the urban poor?
How did Progressive reformers change local and state governments?
- They gave citizens greater voice through the direct primary, the initiative, the referendum and recall. Progressive
government officials worked for reforms in education, factories,voting and the environment.
4.2
Florence Kelley:
Believe that women were hurt by unfair prices for goods they had to buy to run their homes.
National Consumers League:
Founded by Florence Kelley, it gave special labels to "goods produced under fair,
safe, and healthy working conditions" and urged women to buy them and avoid products that did not have these
labels.
temperance movement:
Movement aimed @ stopping alcohol abuse and problems created by it
Margaret Sanger:
She was a nurse that thought that family life and women's health would improve if mothers had
fewer children
Ida B. Wells:
a black teacher, helped form the National Association of Colored Women (NACW). They aimed to
help families strive for success and to assist those who were less fortunate
Carrie Chapman Catt:
She studied law and worked as one of the country's first female school superintendents.
Her "winning plan" called for action on two fronts. This strategy helped women win the right to vote in New York,
Michigan, and Oklahoma
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA):
aim was to push for suffrage rights at the state
level, and eventually pressure the federal government to create an amendment.
Alice Paul:
formed National Women's society which used public protest marches, she wanted women to demand
the right to vote
Nineteenth Amendment:
stated that the right to vote "shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex"
Frances Willard:
temperance and women's suffrage advocate; leader of the Women's Christian Temperance
Union and the Prohibition Party
Suffrage:
the right to vote in political election
Susan B. Anthony:
A pioneer crusade for Women's suffrage. Helped inspire the 19th amendment.
What steps did women take to win workers' rights?
How did the Nineteenth Amendment expand participation in the democratic process?
Explain why some women's rights activists were angry when the rights of African Americans were
expanded after the Civil War.
Discuss the strategies of Carrie Chapman Catt's "winning plan".
Fill in the chart below. What is the name and function of these Major organizations of the Progressive
Era?
4.3
Americanization:
belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens
Booker T. Washington:
told blacks to move slowly toward racial progress. By working hard and waiting patiently,
he believed, AA’s would gradually win White Americans's respect and eventually would be able to exercise their
full voting and citizenship rights
W.E.B. Du Bois:
urged AA to demand immediately al the rights guaranteed by the Constitution
Niagara Movement:
Group of AA thinkers that pushed for immediate racial reforms, particularly in education and
voting practices
National Association for Advancement of Colored People (NAACP):
interracial organization founded in 1909
to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for AA
Urban League
:network of churches and clubs that set up employment agencies and relief efforts to help AA get
settled
Anti-Defamation League:
organization formed in 1913 to defend Jews against verbal attacks and false
statements
Mutualistas
:organized groups of MExican Americans that make loans and provide legal assistance to other
members of their community
American Indian Citizenship Act of 1924:
declared all non-citizen Indians born within the territorial limits of the
US to be citizens
Describe the political organizations formed by African Americans to promote civil rights.
What attitudes did most Progressives hold about minorities and immigrant groups?
What strategies did other minority groups use to defend their rights?
Compare the ideologies of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois.
Discuss both the positive and negative implications of the American Indian Citizenship Act of 1924.
What were the goals of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)?
Compare the efforts of Mexican Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Jews to fight against
discrimination during the Progressive Era.
4.4
Square deal:
President Theodor Roosevelt's program of reforms to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking
advantage of small business owners and the poor
Hepburn Act:
law that gave the government the authority to set railroad rates and maximum prices for ferries,
bridge tolls, and oil pipelines
Meat Inspection Act:
allowed the federal government to inspect meat sold across state lines and required federal
inspection of meat processing plants
Pure Food and Drug Act:
allowed federal inspection of food and medicine and banned the interstate shipment
and sale of impure food and mislabeling of food and drugs
John Muir:
CA naturalist, whose efforts had led Congress to create Yosemite National Park
Gifford Pinchot:
Roosevelt drew on the "rational use" ideas of Gifford Pinchot, who led the Division of Forestry in
the U.S.Department of Agriculture.
National Reclamation Act:
law that gave federal government the power to decide where and how water would be
distributed through the buildings and management of dams and irrigation projects
New Nationalism:
Theodore Roosevelt's plan to restore the government's trust-busting power
Progressive Party:
political party that emerged from the Taft-Roosevelt battle that split the Republican Party
Woodrow Wilson:
Democrats' candidate, whose ideas had caught the attention of William Jennings Bryan, who
helped him win the Democratic nomination
New Freedom
:Woodrow Wilson's program to place government's control and corporations in order to benefit
small businesses
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Sixteenth Amendment:
constitutional amendment that gave Congress the authority to levy an income tax
Federal Reserve Act:
law that placed national banks under the control of the Federal Reserve Board, which runs
regional banks that hold the reserve funds from commercial banks, sets interest rates, and supervises commercial
banks
Federal Trade Commission (FTC):
government agency established to identify monopolistic business practices,
false advertising, and dishonest labeling
Clayton Antitrust Act:
law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act.
prohibit certain actions that lead to
anti-competitiveness
.
Explain the impact of Roosevelt's actions towards managing the environment.
What was the purpose of such legislation as the Hepburn Act and the Meat Inspection Act?
What was the purpose of the National Reclamation Act?
How did President Taft influence Roosevelt's decision to run for a third term?
How did the government regulate commercial banks?
Explain how President Wilson affected workers' rights.
4.5
imperialism:
the policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker
territories.
Extractive economies:
economy in a colony where the colonizing country removed raw material and shipped
them back home to benefit its own economy.
Alfred T. Mahan:
U.S. Navy admiral who was a key player in promoting American imperialism by calling for a build
up of American naval power
Social Darwinism:
the belief held that certain nations and races were superior to others and therefore destined to
rule over them.
Fredrick Jackson Turner:
A historian, noted that the frontier had been closed by gradual settlements
Matthew Perry:
sailed a fleet of American warships into present day Tokyo Bay, Japan
Queen Liliuokalani:
Hawaiian monarch overthrown through U.S. intervention presented the inc. in power of the
white planters.
Sanford B. Dole
:American endorsed leader of Hawaii who came into power after the monarchy was overthrown
Explain how the United States took its first steps toward the position of a world power.
What factors influenced Americans to play a more active role in the world?
Why did journalists criticize Seward for his purchase of Alaska?
Explain why the United States needed to expand its trade into new markets.
Explain how the United States gained influence in Latin America.
4.6
José Martí:
Cuban poet and journalist who organized a guerilla revolution against Spain in 1895. "Cuba Libre" free
Cuba was his battle cry
William Randolph Hearst:
US newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational
reporting changed American journalism
Yellow press:
also called yellow journalism. The most famous yellow journalist was William Randolph Hearst.
Yellow journalism was considered tainted journalism - omissions and half-truths.
Jingoism:
aggressive nationalism and inflamed relations with Spain
George Dewey:
U.S. Naval Commodore who destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila, the Philippine capital. The
action enabled the U.S. invasion of the Philippines
Emilio Aguinaldo:
Filipino rebel leader who fought U.S. occupation
Rough Riders
:volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt and Leonard Wood during the Spanish
American War
Treaty of Paris:
the treaty ending the Spanish-American War, in which Spain freed Cuba, turned over the islands
of Guam and Puerto Rico to the U.S., and sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million
Insurrection:
rebellion against US rule
Guerrilla warfare
:a form of nontraditional warfare generally involving small bands of fighters attacking behind
enemy lines.
William Howard Taft:
president of the US;became governor of the Philippines; he wanted to help the islands
recover from the rebellion. Put in several policies and helped the people to improve life in the philippines.
Identify the major battles of the Spanish-American War.
Describe the consequences of the war, including the debate over imperialism.
Why did Americans object to Spanish actions in Cuba?
How did the Rough Riders and African American cavalry units contribute to the war effort?
Why did American leaders think it was important to keep the Philippines?
Why did hostilities erupt in the Philippines after the Spanish-American War?
Discuss the role of the Spanish-American War in determining the winner of the 1900 U.S. presidential
election.
4.7
Spheres of influence:
a region dominated and controlled by an outside power;Ex. Rather than compete for
Chinese trade, Britain, France, Germany, and Russia carved China into distinct spheres of influence.
John Hay:
served as U.S. secretary of state from 1895 to 1905, guiding U.S. diplomacy as the country emerged as
a world power. He was instrumental in crafting the Open Door policy toward China Ex. In order to overcome these
barriers, U.S Secretary of State John Hay issued the first of a series of notes to foreign diplomats in 1899
Boxer Rebellion:
violence started by members of a secret society in China, which prompted the governments of
Europe and America to send troops to squash the rebellionEx. A multinational force of European, American and
Japanese troops was sent to the Chinese capital to quash the Boxer Rebellion.
Open door policy:
an American statement that the government did not want colonies in China, but favored free
trade there;Ex. As the Boxer Rebellion engulfed China, Secretary of State Hay reasserted America's Open Door
Policy.
Russo-Japanese war:
a war between Japan and Russia in 1904 over the presence of Russian troops in
Manchuria Ex. In 1905, representatives from Russia and Japan met in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, to negotiate
an end to the Russo-Japanese War.
“Gentlemen’s agreement”
:pact between the United States and Japan to end segregation of Asian children in
San Francisco public schools; in return, Japan agreed to limit the emigration of its citizens to the United States
Great White Fleet:
battleships sent by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1907 on a "good will cruise" around the
world; The voyage of the Great White Fleet demonstrated America's increased military power to the world.
Foraker Act:
law establishing a civil government in Puerto Rico
Platt Amendment:
set of conditions under which Cuba was granted independence, including restrictions of rights
of Cubans and granting the U.S. the "right to intervene" to preserve order in Cuba; prevented Cuba from signing a
treaty with another nation without American approval.
“Big stick” diplomacy:
Theodore Roosevelt's policy of creating and using, when necessary, a strong military to
achieve America's goals
Panama Canal:
human-made waterway connecting the Atlantic to the Pacific across the isthmus of Panama
Roosevelt corollary:
President Theodore Roosevelt's reassertion of the Monroe Doctrine to keep the Western
Hemisphere free from intervention by European powers(updated the Monroe doctrine for an age of expansionism
and economic influence.)
“Dollar diplomacy”:
President Taft's policy of expanding American investments abroad(Ex. Taft hoped to achieve
these ends by relying less on the "big stick" and more on "dollar diplomacy.)
“Moral diplomacy”
:Woodrow Wilson's statement that the U.S. would not use force to assert influence in the
world, but would instead work to promote human rights.
Francisco “Pancho” Villa:
a Mexican revolutionary guerrilla leader. In 1916 Villa's forces killed 18 Americans in
New Mexico, which resulted in U.S. General John J. Pershing's unsuccessful expedition into Mexico with 10,000
troops to capture and punish Villa.
What was the purpose of the Open Door Policy?
What conditions led to the Russo-Japanese War?
Why did Cuba add the Platt Amendment to its constitution?
How did the construction of the Panama Canal benefit long-distance shippers?
How did "dollar diplomacy" affect American foreign policy?
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What effect would "moral diplomacy" have on American foreign policy decisions?
Discuss the events that led to the Boxer Rebellion.
4.1
Which are
as of society did Progressive reformers wish to change?
- Social Gospel impacted social reform by linking biblical ideas about justice and charity to action on social reform
issues. Politics and government, business, social welfare, and labor conditions. Jane Addams and Florence Kelley
were alike as they both were committed to improving the lives of children.
Who were the muckrakers and what did they accomplish?
- The muckrakers were socially conscious journalists and writers. They exposed injustices at all levels of society
and their work led to much-needed reforms.
How did Progressives work to help the urban poor?
- Progressives helped the urban poor by establishing settlement houses that provided crucial services.
Progressives also worked to end child labor, improve education, and improve workplace conditions. Educator John
Dewey urged that children be taught to think creatively and that their education should go beyond memorizing
basic facts.
How did Progressive reformers change local and state governments?
- They gave citizens greater voice through the direct primary, the initiative, the referendum and recall. Progressive
government officials worked for reforms in education, factories,voting and the environment.
4.2
What steps did women take to win workers' rights?
- Margaret Sanger impacted women's health issues by opening the country's first birth control clinic. Female
progressives succeeded in several states in reducing the number of work hours for women. Florence Kelley
formed the Women's Trade Union League, which worked for a minimum wage and an eight-hour workday, and
created the first workers' strike fund. The Eighteenth Amendment outlaw the production and sale of alcohol. Susan
B. Anthony choose to vote in an election to call attention to the fact that it was illegal for women to vote.
How did the Nineteenth Amendment expand participation in the democratic process?
- The amendment gave women a constitutional right to vote in elections, a right granted by only a few states
before. The temperance movement was the primary focus of Francis Willard's efforts for social reform. Under
Carrie Chapman Catt's leadership, the method used by the National American Women Suffrage Association
(NAWSA) to promote suffrage for women was the referendum process to try to pass state suffrage laws.
Explain why some women's rights activists were angry when the rights of African Americans were
expanded after the Civil War.
- They were angry because their rights were not expanded. Women's rights activists fought alongside human
rights activists for equal natural and civil rights, however, only slaves and people of color for more rights. Women
were still left underrepresented in the society, and they were mad.
Discuss the strategies of Carrie Chapman Catt's "winning plan".
- Carrie Chapman became the leader of the movement and gave it the right impulse with his plan that consisted of
the following. 1) women in states with presidential votes would work to pass an amendment to allow women to
vote. 2) women should press for a referendum to amend their state Constitution. 3) Southern states would focus
on primary suffrage. Finally, in 1919, the US Congress passed the 19th Amendment to the United States
Constitution that allowed women of America the right to vote in elections.
Fill in the chart below. What is the name and function of these Major organizations of the Progressive
Era?
4.3
Describe the political organizations formed by African Americans to promote civil rights.
-
One of the organizations of the organizations that promoted Civil rights was the National Association for the
Advancement of color people which was interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and
discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans. Another one was the Niagara
movement which was a group of African American thinkers founded in 1905 that pushed for immediate racial
reforms, particularly in educations and voting practices. Another organization was the Urban League that was a
network of churches and clubs that set up employment agencies and relief efforts to help African Americans get
settled and find work in the cities.
What attitudes did most Progressives hold about minorities and immigrant groups?
-
Most progressives were prejudiced against those who were non white, non-protestant, and non-middle class,
and they often worked to assimilate immigrants through Americanization. The Citizenship Act of 1924 gave
American Indians the right to vote. The Plessy v. Ferguson court case affect American society by supporting the
norm of segregation in many areas of American life.
What strategies did other minority groups use to defend their rights?
- Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. du Bois agreed that injustices against African Americans must stop. Mexican
Americans form mutualists to provide financial and legal support for one another. These groups formed self-help
agencies and social justice organizations. Some groups took legal action.
Compare the ideologies of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois.
-
Booker T. Washington was born and lived in the south, willing to wait for civil rights, promoted vocational
education, support social separation, founded the Tuskegee institute, & was born a slave and freed later. W.E.B.
Du Bois was born and lived in the North, a civil rights leaders, and demanded civil rights and could not wait. Both
Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois wanted to end racism, African American leaders, and wanted good
education for everyone.
Discuss both the positive and negative implications of the American Indian Citizenship Act of 1924.
- The positive effects were that they were allowed to easily assimilate and become a part of the American society
according to American traditions. They were given all rights that all other citizens of the United States had which
meant that they could vote or purchase property or anything similar. The negative effects are that in assimilating
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them they would often abandon their own culture in order to adapt so they were not included as so much as
assimilated. They idea was not to make they two cultures co-exist, but rather have the Native Americans become
like the everyday U.S. citizens.
What were the goals of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)?
-
The NAACP is an organization dedicated to ending racial discrimination. It was founded in 1909, by Du Bois as a
direct result of lynching. The main goals of the NAACP was to end segregation, equal civil rights under the law,
and the end of racial violence such as lynching. The NAACP used the court system to fight civil rights restrictions
and won their first major victory in Guinn v. United States. As a result, the Supreme Court outlawed the
"grandfather clause", which freed from other suffrage qualifications citizens whose fathers or grandfathers had
voted. In 1917, the NAACP lawyers won Buchanan v. Warley, which overturned a Louisville, Kentucky, law
requiring racially segregated housing. As a result, similar laws were struck down across the country.
Compare the efforts of Mexican Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Jews to fight against
discrimination during the Progressive Era.
- Mexican Americans - Partido Liberal Mexicano provided social services & mutualistas gave loans and legal
help;Native American - society of American Indians in 1911 to promote Indian rights and protest Federal Indian
policy and for there lands;Jews - Anti-Defamation League;Asian Americans put their land in their children's names
and civil right since they were being treated poorly
4.4
Explain the impact of Roosevelt's actions towards managing the environment.
-
Roosevelt set aside tons of land that was said not to be used by any industries;established national parks to
protect wildlife;federal forests to conserve land (conservation=managing land);National Park Service--conserve
and share natural and historic landmarks in the U.S.
What was the purpose of such legislation as the Hepburn Act and the Meat Inspection Act?
- These acts gave the government the power to regulate big businesses and It empowered the Interstate
Commerce Commission to set maximum shipping rates for railroads. The relationship between the federal
government and food producers change under President Roosevelt. The pure Food and drug Act empowered the
federal government to test and monitor the production and sale of food.
What was the purpose of the National Reclamation Act?
- President Roosevelt believes that the government should manage national forests by combining conservation
with the use of public land for its resources. The National Reclamation Act gave the government authority over use
and distribution of water.
How did President Taft influence Roosevelt's decision to run for a third term?
-
Roosevelt did not agree with some of President Taft's policies and wanted the government to more aggressively
pursue antitrust enforcement.
How did the government regulate commercial banks?
-
Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act in 1913 to regulate commercial banks and exert greater control over
interest rates and the money supply. People oppose the graduated income tax that was part of the Underwood
Tariff Act of 1913, they thought it would have a negative effect on the economy.
Explain how President Wilson affected workers' rights.
-
He passed the Clayton Antitrust Act which helped ushered in a new era for workers by protecting labor unions
from being attacked by trusts.
4.5
Explain how the United States took its first steps toward the position of a world power.
-
Opened trade with Japan, possession of the midway Islands, increased trade with Hawaii and naval base at
Pearl Harbor, bought Alaska from Russia.
What factors influenced Americans to play a more active role in the world?
-
Americans had surplus goods and wanted to find other markets for them. In addition, many Americans embraced
Social Darwinism and believed it was America's destiny to spread their religion and the democratic form of
government to other parts of the world. Alfred T. Mahan helped to strengthen American power by urging the United
States to build a modern naval fleet.
Why did journalists criticize Seward for his purchase of Alaska?
-
Journalists criticized Seward's Purchase because of the distance between Alaska and the United States and
because they believed that the area lacked natural resources. Gold was discovered near Alaska which caused an
immediate increase in the settlers entering the territory in the nineteenth century.
Explain why the United States needed to expand its trade into new markets.
-The nation's desire to take its place on the world stage spurred some territorial expansion and a larger increase in
influence; they rushed to expand due to the yearn for raw materials and natural resources. They sought colonies
to provide tea, rubber, iron, petroleum, and other materials for their industries at home. Possession of colonies
gave nations an edge in the competition for global resources.
Explain how the United States gained influence in Latin America.
- The US helped Panama become and independent country from Colombia and in return Panama let the US build
a canal through their country to make traveling from coast to coast half the distance.
4.6
Identify the major battles of the Spanish-American War.
- Battle of Manila Bay, Battle of San Juan Hill, Battle of Santiago, Guerilla War.
Describe the consequences of the war, including the debate over imperialism.
Why did Americans object to Spanish actions in Cuba?
- Americans objected to Spanish actions in Cuba mainly because the Cuban rebellion reminded them of their own
revolution against a world power. Also the work of sensational journalism exaggerated the cruelty of the Spanish,
causing the Americans to be more enraged by the Spanish actions. Lastly, the fighting between Spain and Cuba
was hurting the investments many American entrepreneurs had in sugar cane plantations within Cuba.
How did the Rough Riders and AA cavalry units contribute to the war effort?
- The Rough Riders and AA cavalry units contributed to the war effort by winning the battles for Kettle and San
Juan hills and helping to capture Santiago.
Why did American leaders think it was important to keep the Philippines?
- American leaders believed it was important to keep the Philippines because they believed Americans had a
responsibility to govern the Filipinos, as they were an uncivilized people. They also believed the islands were a
valuable stepping stone to trade in China and that if they didn't take control of the Philippines, that other countries
would.
Why did hostilities erupt in the Philippines after the Spanish-American War?
-
Philippine people believed the US would grant there independence to them but that promise was broken.Emilio
Aquino pre-empted the Democratic Process by declaring his Constitution and his Presidency without the will of the
people. He also demanded troop entry into the City of Manila while the Spanish Army stationed in Manila was still
in place.
Discuss the role of the Spanish-American War in determining the winner of the 1900 U.S. presidential
election.
- William McKinley named Theodore Roosevelt as his vice-presidential running mate in his presidential campaign
against William Jennings Bryan. Roosevelt was widely regarded as a war hero of the Spanish-American War, and
McKinley won the election partly on Roosevelt's popularity.
4.7
What was the purpose of the Open Door Policy?
- protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and
administrative integrity.
What conditions led to the Russo-Japanese War?
- The war was caused from Russia's and Japan's rivalry for dominance in Korea and Manchuria. The
Russo-Japanese War began when Japan attacked Russian warships at Port Arthur, on the peninsula.Also
Russia’s desire for an ice-free port in the Pacific Ocean and Japan’s awakening,
Why did Cuba add the Platt Amendment to its constitution?
- The Platt Amendment was a treaty between the U.S. and Cuba that attempted to protect Cuba's independence
from foreign intervention. It permitted extensive U.S. involvement in Cuban international and domestic affairs for
the enforcement of Cuban independence.
How did the construction of the Panama Canal benefit long-distance shippers?
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- Commercial Importance. The Panama Canal was built to shorten the distance that ships had to travel to pass
between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The canal permits shippers of commercial goods, ranging from
automobiles to grain, to save time and money by transporting cargo more quickly.
How did "dollar diplomacy" affect American foreign policy?
-
The dollar diplomacy proved our business power and would cause other countries to gain interest in us, and
expanded our investments abroad, bringing more countries to us.
What effect would "moral diplomacy" have on American foreign policy decisions?
- America would intervene with other countries affairs to promote global issues; had an impact as it would shift the
focus on US foreign policy away from economic interests and towards promoting democracy and human rights
around the world.
Discuss the events that led to the Boxer Rebellion.
- As Western world powers became increasingly involved in China, many Chinese people came to oppose these
outside influences. They joined secret societies that condemned Western customs and celebrated Chinese
heritage. One such society grew violent and staged the Boxer Rebellion.