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Dyamond Crutchfield October 15th, 2023 Ideas in Antiquity: CLAS 016-01 Professor Tulin Weekly Essay As the progression to modernism continues and leads to the rise of pre-imperialism, this pathway is very complex. Towards the beginning of the history of humans, these people lived in an agrarian lifestyle. It was centered around kinship and there were no modern ways of communication. In the Neolithic period, the population increased by 16 million people, by the Roman period there was a population of 200 million people. By 1,000 AD, The population increased by another 100 million people, and around 1600 AD, the population increased to 600 million. In 1800, the population reached 900 million, then by 1920 the population reached 2 billion, and today in modern society the population is approximately 8 billion. The population increase shows the rapid growth of the planet. In the 15th century, the rise of capitalism resulted in the collapse of the old feudal hierarchy. However, due to war and revolution, capitalism ended up falling. From 1789 to 1793, the French Revolution allowed Napoleon to become emperor however, his defeat came about and the monarchy was restored for a brief period. Another European Revolution broke out in 1848, however, it was unsuccessful. This led to a proto-fascist dictatorship set up by Napoleon III from 1851 to 1870 known as the second empire. In 1870, we see that the Germans invaded France resulting in a very short war and Napoleon III was exiled. Then, France established the Third Republic in 1940. Right before World War I, an invasion of Africa during the Berlin Conference signified the beginning of the rise of European colonialism. During this time, Europe experienced a lot of prosperity and encountered its first wave of economic globalization. This allowed for the Arts to flourish, which led to the rise of modernism. In the 1860s, modernism and France was

flourishing and eventually spread to other countries. By the 1890s, modernism had made its way to England Germany, and Vienna. In 1910, modernism was in America and Russia, however, it was cut short due to World War I and the Russian Revolution. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1920 had approximately 9 million deaths. World War I was very traumatic and resulted in 37 million casualties. In addition to that, the Spanish Flu from 1918 to 1920 following World War I resulted in 17 million casualties. This was followed by an economic boom of the 1920s which lasted until 1929 and was the Great Depression and the rise of fascism in Europe. this led to World War II and resulted in 60 million deaths, and another 30 million deaths were accounted for from famine and diseases and the 20th century left Western Civilization in a psychologically shaken state. Even the great achievements of modernism were disregarded by 1950. The Industrial Revolution followed after all of the wars and population changes. Overall, two revolutions within the Industrial Revolution led to the rise of modernism. The first Industrial Revolution from 1800 to 1860, consisted of the development of soft Manufacturing. This includes the production of iron, textiles, and simple machine tools. Meanwhile, the Second Industrial Revolution from 1860 to 1900, produced steel, railroads, industrial chemicals, assembly lines, photography, and finance/credit. In addition to that, it also produced modernity from 1870 to 1945. All of this resulted in globalization and economic expansion. Modernization helped to solve modern problems, however, it introduced income inequality. Because of the rise of industrialization, the theory of class was introduced. The idea of class was derived from Karl Marx. Social categorization came about with modernism. In earlier societies, such as the archaic period, classes were hereditary. Feudal Europe had three hierarchy tiers: the clergy, the aristocracy, and the commoners. The aristocracy

class was poor, and the third estate was wealthy, however, they had no political power. Since these individuals were wealthy, they wanted their wealth to reflect political power. This ended up being the goal of the French and American Revolutions. These classes eventually ended up turning into what we know today as the upper, middle, and lower classes. The rise of urban factories helped the working class. The bourgeoisie was the upper middle class and the higher the bourgeoisie, the more leisure there was. In this case, Leisure is defined as a surplus of wealth and time. Modernism is a revolutionary sense of art and helps aid our sense of awareness of the present times. The main characteristic of the impression period of the 1870s was to rejection of dark colors and hues that were featured in The Academy. Due to the modern paint materials, bright colors and pale canvases were used. This allowed for paintings to have a light and dainty feeling to them. Overall it resulted in a brighter portrait and a great depiction of the new advances of modernism. The use of poppy oil in the 19th century helped show texture within paintings by impressionist artists. These artists used a lot of waxy additives to preserve paints in aluminum tubes. These tubes were used for storage and carrying large amounts of paint outside. Corot didn't use bitumen as a lot of the artists did in academic paintings. However, he used an opaque lead in shadow work to show landscaping. Bitumen is a warm transparent brown that allows for artists to cast shadows, however, as the painting ages, it blackens and cracks because it never fully dries. They were all about intensity and darkness, but unfortunately during these times, artists didn't have the modern tools to sustain their paintings.

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