Women’s Roles in the American Revolution

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Women’s Roles in the American Revolution Keriann Lekoski HIUS512: American Revolution Professor Christopher Smith October 3, 2023 Introduction

The American Revolutionary War saw the contributions of countless men who played pivotal roles in the struggle for American independence. We saw military leadership through figures such as George Washington, who was perhaps the most iconic figure of the American Revolution. Marquis de Lafayette, A young French aristocrat, Lafayette joined the American cause and became one of Washington's most trusted generals. As well as Baron von Steuben, who was A Prussian military officer, Von Steuben arrived to help train and discipline the Continental Army. We saw political leadership through figures such as Thomas Jefferson, whose eloquence and writing skills were instrumental in drafting the Declaration of Independence, which laid out the colonies' reasons for seeking independence. We saw James Adams as well wha was a prominent leader in the Continental Congress, Adams helped secure diplomatic support from European nations and played a vital role in negotiating the Treaty of Paris. Most of the soldiers/militiamen and diplomates/negotiators were also held by the position of a man. So we ask, what about the women? Throughout the American Revolution, women emerged as indispensable contributors to the revolutionary cause, often operating in unconventional and unheralded roles. Beyond the traditional confines of domesticity, women actively participated in shaping the outcome of the revolution by engaging as activists, nurses, spies, and essential supporters of the home front. These multifaceted contributions challenged prevailing gender norms, sparked conversations about women's rights and societal roles, and, ultimately, played a pivotal role in the broader socio-political changes that characterized the revolutionary era. This research paper seeks to explore the multifaceted ways in which women's involvement in the American Revolution helped redefine and transform traditional gender roles while significantly influencing the trajectory and ultimate success of the revolutionary movement. (1) Carretta, Vincent. Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a genius in bondage . University of Georgia Press, 2011.

Activism Women played significant roles in political activism during the American Revolution, challenging traditional gender norms and advocating for their rights within the context of the revolutionary movement. Many women actively supported the war effort by participating in boycotts, fundraising, and relief efforts. They organized and attended meetings to discuss political matters and the impact of British policies on their lives. Women played a significant role in organizing and participating in boycotts of British goods. They refused to purchase imported British goods like tea, textiles, and other products as a way to protest against unfair British taxation policies. To replace British imports, women encouraged and engaged in the production of homemade goods. They spun their own cloth, produced soap, candles, and other household items, and brewed herbal teas as alternatives to British imports. This self-sufficiency movement, known as "homespun," became a symbol of patriotic resistance. Women were often instrumental in enforcing non-importation agreements within their communities. They organized and participated in boycott committees, spreading awareness about the boycott and encouraging their neighbors to participate. (2) Women formed various associations to raise funds to support the Revolutionary War effort. The most notable of these was the Ladies Association of Philadelphia, organized by Esther DeBerdt Reed. This association was dedicated to providing financial and material support to the Continental Army. Women organized sewing circles and crafting groups to produce clothing and supplies for the soldiers. They sewed uniforms, knitted socks, and created bandages and medical supplies. These efforts were essential in ensuring that the troops had adequate clothing and medical care. Women also organized fundraising events such as fairs, charity auctions, and concerts to collect money for the war effort. These events not only raised funds but Carretta, Vincent. Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a genius in bondage . University of Georgia Press, 2011.

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also boosted morale and solidarity among the colonists. They made personal sacrifices by donating their jewelry, silverware, and other valuables to be melted down and converted into currency for the war effort as well. They also gave their time and labor selflessly to support the cause. (2) Women's expression through literature and poetry during the American Revolution was also a significant aspect of their political activism and engagement with the revolutionary cause. Through their writings, women conveyed patriotic sentiments, advocated for the principles of liberty and independence, and contributed to the broader discourse of the time. Many women turned to poetry as a means of expressing their thoughts and emotions during the revolutionary period. Poetry was seen as a powerful tool for political commentary and persuasion. Women poets often used their work to explore themes of liberty, patriotism, and resistance to British tyranny. Their poems conveyed a sense of unity and determination among the American colonists. (3) Phillis Wheatley (c. 1753-1784) was an enslaved African woman who became a prominent poet in colonial America, making her one of the first published African American writers. Her life and work are significant not only for her literary accomplishments but also because she challenged prevailing notions of race and intelligence during a time when many believed that people of African descent were inherently inferior. Phillis Wheatley was born in West Africa, likely in Senegal or Gambia, and was enslaved and transported to the British American colonies when she was around seven or eight years old. She was purchased by the Wheatley family in Boston, Massachusetts, and given the name Phillis after the ship that brought her to America. Despite her enslavement, Phillis Wheatley displayed remarkable intellectual abilities at a young age. She was taught to read and write by members of the Wheatley family, Carretta, Vincent. Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a genius in bondage . University of Georgia Press, 2011.

which was uncommon for enslaved individuals at the time. Recognizing her talent, the Wheatley family encouraged her literary pursuits, and she began composing poetry. (4) In 1773, Phillis Wheatley's first book of poetry, "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral," was published in London. This made her the first African American and one of the first women in the American colonies to have a book of poetry published. Her work covered a range of topics, including religion, morality, and the American Revolution. Following the publication of her book, Phillis Wheatley was granted her freedom in 1774. This was a significant development, as it was unusual for enslaved individuals to gain their freedom during this period.Phillis Wheatley's legacy extends beyond her poetry. She challenged the prevailing racial stereotypes of her time, proving that people of African descent could excel in intellectual and artistic pursuits. Her writings also contributed to the growing abolitionist movement in the late 18th century, as her experiences as an enslaved person and her writings highlighted the injustices of slavery. (4) Some women, like Judith Sargent Murray, wrote for and edited magazines that provided a platform for the expression of women's views. Murray's essay "On the Equality of the Sexes" (1779) challenged prevailing notions of women's inferiority. Women also expressed their political views through personal letters and correspondence. Their letters often contained discussions of current events, political opinions, and expressions of support for the revolutionary cause. The writings of women during the American Revolution had a lasting impact on American literature and the broader struggle for women's rights. Their use of literature and poetry to engage with political issues paved the way for future generations of women writers and activists. (5) Abigail Adams played a significant role in the American Revolution and the early years Carretta, Vincent. Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a genius in bondage . University of Georgia Press, 2011.

of the United States. Her contributions were diverse and impactful, making her one of the most influential women of her time. Abigail Adams was a vocal advocate for women's rights and gender equality during the American Revolution. In her famous letter to her husband John Adams in 1776, she urged him to "remember the ladies" when drafting laws for the new nation. She expressed concern that women's rights were being overlooked in the quest for independence. While her request was not immediately acted upon, her correspondence and writings on this topic are considered early expressions of feminist thought in the United States. (6) Abigail Adams and her husband John maintained a prolific and insightful correspondence throughout their lives. During the American Revolution, their letters provided a unique window into the political and personal aspects of the period. In her letters, she discussed political events, offered her opinions on various issues, and provided her husband with valuable insights and advice. Her input was highly regarded by John Adams and other political leaders. Abigail Adams also had a significant influence on her husband, John Adams, who would become one of the Founding Fathers and the second President of the United States. Her letters and discussions with John contributed to his political thinking and decision-making. She often provided practical advice on matters ranging from diplomacy to household management. Their partnership was characterized by mutual respect and collaboration. (6) Abigail Adams faced many challenges during the Revolutionary War, as her family was often separated due to John's political and military responsibilities. Despite the hardships, she managed the family's affairs, maintained the family farm, and educated their children. She also corresponded with other women in similar situations, offering support and advice on managing households during the war. She had also joined John Adams in Europe during his diplomatic missions. While in France and later in England, she played a diplomatic role by assisting her Carretta, Vincent. Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a genius in bondage . University of Georgia Press, 2011.

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husband in his official duties. Her social skills and insights into European culture were valuable assets in these roles. (6) Spies Women played crucial roles as spies during the American Revolutionary War, often operating behind enemy lines to gather intelligence, relay information, and support the Patriot cause. Their unique positions, access to information, and ability to go unnoticed made them effective spies. Perhaps one of the most mysterious and famous female spies of the era, Agent 355 was part of the Culper Ring, a spy network operating in British-occupied New York City. Her true identity remains unknown, as she used a code number to protect her anonymity. Agent 355 provided valuable intelligence to General George Washington, including information about British troop movements and plans. (7) There was also Deborah Sampson, who was a remarkable woman who disguised herself as a man and served as a soldier during the American Revolution. In 1782, at the age of 21, Deborah Sampson decided to enlist in the Continental Army. She adopted the alias "Robert Shurtliff" and successfully concealed her true identity by binding her breasts and adopting a male appearance. Sampson served in the Continental Army for approximately 17 months. Her service included participation in several skirmishes and battles, including the Battle of Tarrytown in New York. She was known for her competence as a soldier and was respected by her fellow soldiers, who were unaware of her true gender. (8) During her service, Sampson sustained injuries twice. In one instance, she was shot in the thigh during a skirmish. In another, she received a head wound from a saber. Despite the injuries, she avoided medical attention that might have exposed her true identity. In 1783, Sampson's true gender was discovered when she fell ill with a fever. She was treated by a doctor who, upon Carretta, Vincent. Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a genius in bondage . University of Georgia Press, 2011.

examination, revealed her secret. Despite her deception, she was honorably discharged from the army by General Henry Knox, who recognized her bravery and service. After her discharge, Deborah Sampson returned to civilian life, married Benjamin Gannett, and had three children. She continued to experience financial difficulties but gained some recognition for her military service. In 1804, Sampson began a campaign to receive a pension for her military service. She wrote to Congress and provided testimony about her time in the army. In 1805, she was granted a pension of $4 per month, which was later increased. (9) Then there was Lydia Darragh, a Quaker woman living in Philadelphia during the British occupation, who became a spy for the Continental Army. She overheard British officers discussing their plan to attack Washington's army at Whitemarsh. Darragh risked her life by passing this information to American forces, allowing them to prepare for the impending attack. We can also look at Sybil Ludington who was a young teenager in New York who rode for miles through the night to alert American militiamen about an impending British attack. Her ride was similar to Paul Revere's but less well-known. Her bravery and determination made a significant impact on the local militia's ability to respond to the threat. (10) There were many others such as Anna Smith Strong who was another member of the Culper Ring, and she used her laundry line to signal to fellow spies. She hung specific patterns of clothing to indicate messages about British troop movements and activities to her compatriots. There was also Nancy Hart, a Georgian frontierswoman, known for her daring actions a Patriot spy and her role in capturing and executing British loyalists. She used her wit and charm to infiltrate British camps and extract valuable information. (10) Molly Pitcher is a legendary figure from the American Revolution, celebrated for her bravery and dedication on the battlefield. While her exact identity and the details of her story are Carretta, Vincent. Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a genius in bondage . University of Georgia Press, 2011.

the subject of some debate and myth, her tale remains an enduring symbol of women's contributions to the Revolutionary War. The most commonly cited version of Molly Pitcher's story centers on the Battle of Monmouth, which took place on June 28, 1778, in Monmouth County, New Jersey. During the intense summer battle, the Continental Army, under the command of General George Washington, faced off against the British Army, led by General Sir Henry Clinton. The day was scorching hot, and many soldiers suffered from heat exhaustion and dehydration. (11) Molly Pitcher, whose real name was likely Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley, was at the battlefield with her husband, William Hays (or John Casper Hays), a gunner in the Continental Army. She was there to support her husband and the soldiers. According to the legend, she carried water from a nearby spring to thirsty and overheated soldiers, earning her the nickname "Molly Pitcher." As the battle raged on and temperatures soared, Molly Pitcher witnessed her husband collapse from heat exhaustion. Without hesitation, she stepped forward to take his place at the cannon, helping to maintain the artillery piece's firing. Her actions were not only brave but also crucial to the American effort. (11) Homefront During the American Revolutionary War, women on the home front faced numerous challenges as they took on responsibilities to manage their households and support their families while their husbands were away at war. Their contributions on the home front were vital to the success of the Revolutionary cause. Many women were responsible for the day-to-day management of family farms and businesses. They had to tend to crops, livestock, and other agricultural activities to ensure that their families had enough food and resources. Women also had to take on the role of sole caregivers for their children in the absence of their husbands. They Carretta, Vincent. Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a genius in bondage . University of Georgia Press, 2011.

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had to ensure that their children received proper care, education, and emotional support. (12) To make ends meet, women often took on jobs or engaged in entrepreneurial activities. Some worked as seamstresses, weavers, or laundresses. Others opened small businesses, such as inns or shops, to generate income for their families. They also would often supplement their family's income by taking in boarders or tenants, selling goods they produced at home, or engaging in trade and barter systems with their neighbors. Women were responsible for food preservation, which included tasks such as canning, salting meat, drying fruits and vegetables, and making preserves as well. Proper food preservation was essential to ensure a stable food supply throughout the year. They also provided medical care and nursing to family members who were ill or injured. They used home remedies and herbal medicines to treat common illnesses and injuries. Women played a vital role in the education of their children as well. They were responsible for teaching literacy, math, and moral values. Education was considered essential for raising informed citizens of the new republic. (12) Women often engaged in fundraising efforts to provide aid and supplies to the Continental Army. They organized events such as fairs, bake sales, and charity drives to raise funds for the war effort. They had also actively supported the Patriot cause by sewing flags, creating banners, and making clothing for the soldiers. They also participated in patriotic rallies and demonstrations to boost morale. Women frequently wrote letters to their husbands and sons serving in the Continental Army as well. These letters provided emotional support and a connection to home for the soldiers on the front lines. Unfortunately, many women also had to cope with the loss of loved ones who died in battle or due to disease during the war. They often had to navigate the challenges of widowhood while caring for their families. (12) Nurses Carretta, Vincent. Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a genius in bondage . University of Georgia Press, 2011.

During the American Revolution, women played vital roles as nurses, providing essential medical care and support to wounded soldiers on both the American and British sides. These women served in various capacities, often under challenging conditions, and their contributions were crucial to the well-being of the troops. Women, including wives and family members of soldiers, followed the armies into camp, where they set up makeshift field hospitals. They were often responsible for providing immediate medical care to wounded soldiers. They dressed wounds, applied bandages, and cleaned injuries to prevent infection. Many women had knowledge of herbal remedies and traditional folk medicine, which they used to treat common ailments and injuries. Their expertise in using herbs and natural remedies was invaluable in the absence of professional medical personnel. (13) Women also offered emotional support and comfort to the wounded and sick soldiers. Their presence and nurturing care helped alleviate the mental and emotional trauma experienced by soldiers on the battlefield. In some cases, those with medical knowledge or experience assisted surgeons in performing more complex medical procedures, such as amputations or surgeries. Their steady hands and assistance were crucial during these operations. They had also played a key role in maintaining sanitation in military camps. They laundered clothing and bedding to prevent the spread of disease. Cleanliness and proper hygiene were essential for the health of the troops. Proper nutrition was vital for the recovery of wounded soldiers. Women prepared meals, often under challenging circumstances, to ensure that the soldiers received adequate nourishment. They also brewed herbal teas and soups to aid in healing. (13) Some women, like Mary Bartlett Dixon, kept detailed records and journals documenting their experiences at field hospitals and camps. These writings provide valuable historical insights into the medical care provided during the Revolutionary War. Women had also frequently Carretta, Vincent. Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a genius in bondage . University of Georgia Press, 2011.

organized fundraisers and sewing circles to raise funds and collect medical supplies for the troops. They played an active role in ensuring that essential medical resources were available on the battlefield. Women like Martha Washington, the wife of General George Washington, accompanied their husbands to military encampments. Martha Washington, for instance, provided not only personal support but also organized relief efforts for the troops during the harsh winter at Valley Forge. Women who supported the British or Loyalist forces served as nurses in a similar capacity to their Patriot counterparts. They cared for wounded and ill soldiers on the British side of the conflict. (13) Loyalists During the American Revolution, not all women supported the revolutionary cause; some remained loyal to the British Crown and were known as Loyalists. Loyalist women often found themselves in difficult positions due to divided loyalties within their families. They may have been married to Patriots or had family members on both sides of the conflict, leading to strained relationships and emotional turmoil. Just as Patriot women endured hardships during the war, Loyalist women also faced significant challenges. They could experience harassment, displacement, and loss of property as a consequence of their loyalty to the British Crown. Some Loyalist women had to flee their homes or communities to seek safety in British-controlled areas. While some Loyalist women quietly maintained their loyalty without taking direct action, others actively supported the British cause. This support could include providing shelter and assistance to British troops, acting as informants, or engaging in propaganda efforts to bolster British morale. Loyalist women, like their Patriot counterparts, engaged in political discussions and expressed their views through letters and writings. (14) Loyalist women, like their Patriot counterparts, engaged in political discussions and Carretta, Vincent. Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a genius in bondage . University of Georgia Press, 2011.

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expressed their views through letters and writings. Some Loyalist women, such as Hannah Ingraham and Elizabeth Lichtenstein Johnston, authored loyalist pamphlets and letters defending the British cause. After the American Revolution, Loyalist women and their families often faced social ostracism and sometimes legal repercussions. The confiscation of property and social stigma could lead to economic hardship and a sense of isolation. Loyalists had also often faced legal disadvantages in the new United States. They might be denied access to courts or legal recourse in property disputes. Some Loyalists were subject to legal penalties, including fines and imprisonment. Some Loyalist women chose to leave the newly formed United States and settle in other parts of the British Empire. For example, the influx of Loyalists, including women, significantly influenced the demographic and cultural landscape of places like Nova Scotia in Canada, the British Caribbean colonies, or Great Britain itself. This migration often meant leaving behind homes, communities, and loved ones. In their new homes, Loyalist women and their families faced the daunting task of rebuilding their lives from scratch. They had to adapt to unfamiliar environments, find employment, and establish new social connections. This process was challenging and marked by the loss of their former way of life. (15) Conclusion The women who lived during the American Revolution played indispensable and multifaceted roles in shaping the course and outcome of this pivotal period in history. Despite the constraints of the 18th-century gender norms, they made significant contributions as activists, caregivers, spies, nurses, camp followers, propagandists, and more. Their activism, exemplified by figures like Mercy Otis Warren and Abigail Adams, helped pave the way for a broader understanding of individual rights and the principles of liberty and equality. Women on the home front managed households and businesses, shouldering heavy responsibilities to support their Carretta, Vincent. Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a genius in bondage . University of Georgia Press, 2011.

families and the war effort. Nurses like Clara Barton provided crucial medical care, while the bravery of spies like Lydia Darragh and Emily Geiger was instrumental in gaining vital intelligence for the American cause. Camp followers endured the hardships of the front lines, and writers such as Phillis Wheatley used their literary talents to rally public support for independence. It is essential to acknowledge that women's roles during the American Revolution were not limited to those who supported the Patriot cause. Loyalist women, who remained loyal to the British Crown, also faced challenges and made their mark on the history of the era. African American women, both enslaved and free, as well as Native American women, navigated complex choices and contributed to their communities in various ways during the Revolution. The legacy of women's involvement in the American Revolution is enduring. It laid the foundation for discussions about women's rights and their vital roles in shaping the nation's destiny. The bravery, resilience, and unwavering commitment of these women serve as a powerful reminder of the indomitable human spirit and the pursuit of justice and equality. Their stories continue to inspire us as we work toward a more just and inclusive society. Carretta, Vincent. Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a genius in bondage . University of Georgia Press, 2011.

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