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Annotated Bibliography for Women’s Roles in the American Revolution Keriann Lekoski HIUS512: American Revolution Professor Christopher Smith September 23, 2023

Project Overview This research paper will focus on investigating what roles women played during the Revolutionary War. It will begin with a brief overview of the American Revolution and its causes and effects. Women's contributions to maintaining households, managing finances, and supporting the war effort will be reviewed. Women's covert activities and contributions in gathering intelligence for the revolutionary cause will be discussed as well. Writings, correspondence, and political activities of influential women who shaped revolutionary discourse will be explored. The impact of women's involvement on post-revolutionary gender dynamics and early women's rights movements will be examined. The experiences and roles of women from various backgrounds, regions, and social classes. All of this research will be analyzed to determine what roles women played during the American Revolution. Anticipated Thesis Statement Throughout the American Revolution, women emerged as indispensable contributors to the revolutionary cause, often operating in unconventional and unheralded roles. Beyond the traditional confines of domesticity, women actively participated in shaping the outcome of the revolution by engaging as activists, nurses, spies, and essential supporters of the home front. These multifaceted contributions challenged prevailing gender norms, sparked conversations about women's rights and societal roles, and, ultimately, played a pivotal role in the broader socio-political changes that characterized the revolutionary era. This thesis seeks to explore the multifaceted ways in which women's involvement in the American Revolution helped redefine and transform traditional gender roles while significantly influencing the trajectory and ultimate success of the revolutionary movement.

Bibliography Berkin, Carol. “‘It Was I Who Did It’: Women’s Role in the Founding of the Nation.” Phi Kappa Phi Forum 86, no. 3 (July 15, 2006): 15–18. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=ofm&AN=504205039&site=ehost-live&scope=site . In her article, "‘It Was I Who Did It’: Women’s Role in the Founding of the Nation," published in the Phi Kappa Phi Forum in 2006, Carol Berkin examines the often overlooked and underappreciated contributions of women to the founding of the United States. Berkin argues that while history has predominantly focused on the accomplishments of men during the American Revolution and the establishment of the nation, women played a crucial and multifaceted role that deserves recognition. Berkin states several key aspects of women's involvement in the founding of the nation. She discusses women's participation in political and patriotic activities. Women were not merely passive observers but actively engaged in supporting the cause of independence through activities like boycotts, fundraising, and even espionage. Berkin also highlights the importance of women's roles in maintaining the home front. Women managed households, farms, and businesses while their husbands and sons were away at war, effectively ensuring the survival and stability of their communities. Berkin also acknowledges the role of women as propagators of political ideas. Women often hosted gatherings and salons where political discussions took place, contributing to the dissemination of revolutionary ideals. Lastly, Berkin highlights the post-revolutionary period when women, inspired by the principles of the revolution, began advocating for their own rights and political participation, setting the stage for the women's suffrage movement in the 19th and 20th centuries. Caldwell, Q. G., & ARMY SERGEANTS MAJOR ACADEMY FORT BLISS TX.

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(2017). The Importance of Spies to Washington's Success. NCO Journal . In the article titled "The Importance of Spies to Washington's Success," authored by Q. G. Caldwell and published in the NCO Journal in 2017, the crucial role of intelligence and espionage in the success of George Washington and the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War is explored. The article highlights how intelligence gathering and the use of spies were instrumental in shaping the course of the war and ultimately contributed to the American victory. Caldwell emphasizes that Washington recognized early on the necessity of gathering accurate and timely information about British troop movements, strategies, and intentions. This information allowed him to make informed decisions and adapt his own strategies accordingly. To achieve this, Washington relied heavily on a network of spies and informants, many of whom were ordinary citizens willing to risk their lives for the cause of independence. The article also points out the challenges and risks faced by these spies, who often operated behind enemy lines and faced the constant threat of capture and execution. Despite these dangers, their contributions were invaluable in providing the Continental Army with crucial intelligence that influenced the outcomes of key battles. Additionally, the article looks at the role of non-commissioned officers (NCOs) in the intelligence efforts. NCOs played a vital role in recruiting and managing spies, ensuring the security of sensitive information, and facilitating communication between intelligence operatives and military leadership. Carretta, Vincent. Phillis Wheatley: biography of a genius in bondage . University of Georgia Press, 2011. "Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage" by Vincent Carretta, published in 2011 by the University of Georgia Press, offers a deep and insightful exploration of the life of Phillis Wheatley, an iconic figure in American literature and history. Wheatley, born in West

Africa and enslaved in Boston during the 18th century, became renowned as the first African- American woman to have her poetry published. Carretta's biography meticulously traces Wheatley's life, shedding light on the challenges she faced as an enslaved individual and the remarkable journey that led to her literary accomplishments. Carretta situates Wheatley's life within the broader historical and cultural context of the American colonies, highlighting the profound racial and social prejudices of the era. He emphasizes how Wheatley's talents and intelligence defied prevailing stereotypes and prejudices against African-Americans. Through her poetry, she not only showcased her literary prowess but also challenged the prevailing notions of African inferiority. The book offers a nuanced examination of Wheatley's relationships, including her interactions with prominent figures of the time, such as George Washington and Thomas Paine. It also delves into her experiences within the Wheatley household, where she was educated and encouraged to write poetry. Furthermore, Carretta examines the publication and reception of her poetry, emphasizing its significance as a pioneering achievement in African- American literature. De Pauw, Linda Grant. “Women In Combat: The Revolutionary War Experience.” Armed Forces & Society 7, no. 2 (1981): 209–26. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4534622 Linda Grant De Pauw's article "Women in Combat: The Revolutionary War Experience," published in the journal Armed Forces & Society in 1981, provides a comprehensive analysis of the participation of women in combat and military support roles during the American Revolutionary War. De Pauw challenges traditional perceptions of women's roles during the conflict and sheds light on the significant contributions they made to the Revolutionary War effort. The article begins by dispelling the notion that women were mere passive observers of the war. Instead, De Pauw highlights instances of women actively participating in combat situations, either by disguising themselves as men and enlisting in the Continental Army or by taking up

arms to defend their homes and communities during British incursions. These women demonstrated remarkable courage and determination in the face of adversity. De Pauw also explores the diverse roles women played in supporting the military effort. They served as nurses, cooks, laundresses, and seamstresses, contributing to the well-being and morale of the troops. Additionally, women engaged in intelligence gathering, espionage, and courier duties, providing valuable information to the American forces. The article also discusses the challenges women faced in their wartime roles, including societal expectations, discrimination, and the physical demands of combat and support activities. De Pauw argues that women's involvement in the Revolutionary War was not only significant but also transformative, as it contributed to changing perceptions of women's capabilities and helped lay the foundation for future advancements in gender equality. Ellet, Elizabeth Fries. The women of the American Revolution , 2nd ed. Vol. 3. New York: Baker and Scribner, 1848-50. Sabin Americana: History of the Americas, 1500-1926 (accessed August 25, 2023). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CY0103143676/SABN? u=vic_liberty&sid=bookmark-SABN&xid=3359a87d&pg=1 . Elizabeth Fries Ellet's work, "The Women of the American Revolution," in its second edition, published in three volumes from 1848 to 1850, is a significant historical account that seeks to highlight the often overlooked contributions and experiences of women during the American Revolution. This comprehensive work delves into the lives of various women who played important roles in the Revolutionary period. Ellet's volumes provide a thorough examination of the diverse roles women undertook during the Revolution. She highlights their participation as spies, messengers, nurses, and combatants, showcasing their dedication and courage in a tumultuous time. By drawing attention to their stories, Ellet challenges the conventional narrative that primarily focuses on the actions of men. One of the notable aspects of Ellet's work is her dedication to research and documentation. She provides detailed biographical

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information about the women she profiles, often relying on personal accounts, letters, and other primary sources to support her narratives. This meticulous approach lends credibility to her accounts and contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the period. Ellet also emphasizes the impact of women's contributions on the larger Revolutionary cause, asserting that their efforts were indispensable to the success of the American Revolution. Her work underscores the notion that the American Revolution was not solely a male-dominated endeavor but a collective effort in which women played a crucial role. Erkkila, Betsy. “Revolutionary Women.” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 6, no. 2 (1987): 189–223. https://doi.org/10.2307/464269. Betsy Erkkila's article, "Revolutionary Women," published in Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature in 1987, offers a comprehensive analysis of the portrayal and role of women in American literature during the Revolutionary period. Erkkila explores how literature of the time both reflected and shaped cultural perceptions of women's participation in the American Revolution, shedding light on the evolving roles and identities of women in this historical context. Erkkila's article begins by examining early American literature, highlighting the idealized representations of women as virtuous and domestic figures who provided support for their male counterparts in their revolutionary endeavors. These depictions often served to reinforce traditional gender roles and societal norms. Erkkila also delves into the emergence of more complex and diverse female characters in literature as the Revolutionary era progressed. She points out that some literary works began to challenge traditional gender roles and featured women who actively engaged in political and patriotic activities. These depictions reflected the changing social and political landscape of the time. Erkkila analyzes a range of literary works, including poems, plays, and novels, to illustrate the evolving portrayal of women. She discusses

notable female authors like Mercy Otis Warren and Judith Sargent Murray, who used their writing to advocate for women's rights and challenge prevailing notions of female subordination. Fornaciari, M. A. (2015). Patriot and Loyalist Women of the American Revolution: How Feminine Figures Dealt with the Challenges of War and the Confines of Gender (Doctoral dissertation). Marina A. Fornaciari's doctoral dissertation, titled "Patriot and Loyalist Women of the American Revolution: How Feminine Figures Dealt with the Challenges of War and the Confines of Gender," explores the experiences and roles of women on both sides of the American Revolutionary War, shedding light on how they navigated the complex landscape of war and the societal expectations of their time. Fornaciari's research begins by emphasizing that women played vital but often overlooked roles during the Revolution. She investigates how these women grappled with the challenges imposed by the war, which disrupted their lives, families, and communities. Whether they were patriots or loyalists, women had to adapt to the demands of wartime conditions, such as scarcity of resources, separation from loved ones, and exposure to violence. One of the central themes of the dissertation is the tension between traditional gender roles and the extraordinary circumstances of the Revolutionary period. Fornaciari discusses how women had to transcend conventional expectations of femininity to take on new responsibilities, such as managing farms, running businesses, and providing support for the troops. Fornaciari's work also examines the ideological divide between patriots and loyalists and how women on each side expressed their political convictions. She analyzes the ways in which women engaged in political discourse, whether through letter writing, pamphleteering, or participating in public protests, and how their actions were influenced by their loyalty to the crown or the revolutionary cause. Hiltner, Judith. “‘She Bled in Secret’: Deborah Sampson, Herman Mann and ‘The Female Review.’” Early American Literature 34, no. 2 (1999): 190–220.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/25057161. In Judith Hiltner's article, "‘She Bled in Secret’: Deborah Sampson, Herman Mann and 'The Female Review'," published in Early American Literature in 1999, the focus is on the intriguing story of Deborah Sampson, a woman who disguised herself as a man and served as a soldier during the American Revolutionary War. Hiltner examines Sampson's life and her remarkable narrative, "The Female Review," while also delving into the broader themes of gender identity, military service, and literary representation during the Revolutionary era. The article begins by highlighting Deborah Sampson's audacious decision to join the Continental Army under the alias Robert Shurtliff. Sampson's experiences as a female soldier were fraught with challenges and dangers, and her narrative, "The Female Review," serves as a primary source that sheds light on her unique journey. Hiltner emphasizes that Sampson's story challenges traditional gender norms and highlights her determination to participate in a male-dominated domain. Hiltner also discusses the role of Herman Mann, the editor and publisher of Sampson's narrative, in shaping and framing her story for public consumption. She examines how Mann's choices in presenting Sampson's experiences influenced the perception of her within the broader context of American literature and history. The article explores the complexities of gender identity and performance during the Revolutionary era. Sampson's case illustrates the fluidity of gender roles and the ways in which individuals could challenge and transcend societal expectations, especially in the exceptional circumstances of wartime. Klaver, Carol. "An Introduction to the Legend of Molly Pitcher." Minerva XII, no. 2 (Jun 30, 1994): 35, https://go.openathens.net/redirector/liberty.edu? url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/introduction-legend-molly-

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pitcher/docview/222786592/se-2 . Carol Klaver's article, "An Introduction to the Legend of Molly Pitcher," published in Minerva in 1994, provides an insightful overview of the legendary figure known as Molly Pitcher and the evolution of her story in American folklore and history. Molly Pitcher is a symbol of female heroism during the American Revolutionary War, often associated with a woman who assisted in the battlefield. Klaver's introduction delves into the origins of the Molly Pitcher legend, which is shrouded in both historical fact and myth. The most famous depiction of Molly Pitcher is as a water carrier who took up her husband's cannon duties when he was wounded or killed during the Battle of Monmouth in 1778. This legendary Molly Pitcher represents the countless women who supported the Continental Army by providing essential services on the battlefield. The article discusses how Molly Pitcher's story became an emblematic narrative in American history, symbolizing women's contributions to the Revolutionary War effort. Klaver highlights the way in which this legend evolved over time, serving various purposes such as promoting patriotism and women's roles in the military. Klaver's work also acknowledges the challenges of separating fact from fiction in the Molly Pitcher legend. While the historical accuracy of specific events attributed to Molly Pitcher is debated, her enduring presence in American memory and her symbolic importance are undeniable. Vinton, John Adams, ed. The Female Review: Life of Deborah Sampson, the Female Soldier in the War of the Revolution . National Cash Register Company, 1866. The Female Review: Life of Deborah Sampson, the Female Soldier in the War of the

Revolution," edited by John Adams Vinton and published by the National Cash Register Company in 1866, is an important historical document that recounts the extraordinary life of Deborah Sampson, a woman who disguised herself as a man to serve as a soldier in the American Revolutionary War. The book chronicles Sampson's life from her early years to her decision to enlist in the Continental Army under the alias Robert Shurtliff. It vividly describes her experiences during the war, including her participation in battles, her dedication to her fellow soldiers, and her remarkable ability to maintain her secret identity. One of the book's central themes is Sampson's determination to serve her country despite the societal constraints placed on women during her time. It highlights her courage, resilience, and willingness to endure the hardships and dangers of military life. "The Female Review" explores the challenges Sampson faced in maintaining her disguise and the risks she took to conceal her true identity. It also delves into her eventual exposure, discharge from the military, and her post-war life. John Adams Vinton's editing of Sampson's narrative adds to its historical value, providing context and commentary that help readers understand the significance of her story in the broader context of American history and women's roles in the military.