Online Post 03

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Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science & Technology, Karachi *

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Health Science

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Nov 24, 2024

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Question: What ethical issues are brought up in this video? Use theory to explain. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=yLm_MAt0SbI&list=PLWuYED1WVJIP0rD8hI7PRkghhLUZYB4mP Answer: Fast decision-making is crucial when the environment is responding to the global COVID-19 pandemic. But as ethical problems and occasionally dilemmas occur in an emergency situation where human life and human dignity are challenged, it can often become a daunting task. In this tough age, the UNESCO Regional Office for Southern Africa (ROSA) has stepped up its efforts to include ethical standards for decision-makers and front-line practitioners (1). Resource distribution and a good public health infrastructure must be of utmost importance on the agenda of the governments. This might also entail international cooperation. Political choices at macro-allocation levels have inevitable consequences on the micro allocation of resources at the point-of-care level (e.g. patient triage). These choices become even more challenging and difficult in the pandemic context, where the demand for access to treatment increases exponentially and rapidly (2). There is a need for prompt, precise, reliable, comprehensive and accessible information given by policymakers, experts, officials, and the media. Multiple definitions of details are required so that anyone can determine the case regardless of age, personal conditions or education level. Accurate public information and, most critically, factual information could play a critical role in directing the social interaction of individuals in the era of social media that accommodates disinformation and 'fake news' (3) References: 1. https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-provides-ethical-frameworks-covid-19-responses 2. Xafis, V., Schaefer, G.O., Labude, M.K., Zhu, Y. and Hsu, L.Y., 2020. The perfect moral storm: Diverse ethical considerations in the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Bioethics Review , p.1. 3. Farrell, T.W., Francis, L., Brown, T., Ferrante, L.E., Widera, E., Rhodes, R., Rosen, T., Hwang, U., Witt, L.J., Thothala, N. and Liu, S.W., 2020. Rationing Limited Health Care Resources in the

COVID ‐ 19 Era and Beyond: Ethical Considerations Regarding Older Adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . Post: Vulnerable populations such as low income earners have been most affected by COVID 19 lockdown and the restrictions. The poor and vulnerable people due to loss of jobs and income are likely to suffer most due to limited access to healthcare and a nutritious diet. Lockdown measures in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) mostly affect vulnerable groups, for example those living in poor socio-economic conditions, homeless, migrant workers and asylum seekers/refugees have serious mental health issues due to various factors. Intrinsic factors like anxieties of being infected; outcomes of the quarantine (e.g. sense of confinement as a reminder of upsetting experiences, boredom, depression) and interpersonal relationships; increased social isolation (e.g. homeless have limited amount food, clothing, laundry and washing facilities); job loss and economic trouble; reduction of mental health outpatient services and difficulty to access the facilities. (M Aragona, et al 2020) Women and children who live with domestic violence have no escape during quarantine, domestic abuse is acting like an opportunistic infection during this pandemic. According to recent article in The Guardian there is an increased rate of domestic violence globally. Poor people are more likely live in overcrowded poor housing conditions which make them difficult to comply with social distancing. Poor people are mostly employed in occupation that do not allow them to work remotely from home. And finally, people with low socio economic status have limited access to expensive healthcare facilities like ventilators. ( Wilkerson, et al 2020). Reply COVID-19 represents an unprecedented challenge to global public health and may provide a vital way of resolving this epidemic with an appropriate vaccine. Studies of human problems include the systematic poisoning of testing samples which will speed up or enhance the

production of vaccines by quickly generating assessments of the safety and effectiveness of vaccines (1). What are the conditions for preference and decision-making when medical services are limited in times of pandemics? In times of national lockdowns, whose reputation and livelihood are under attack as a country is seeking to save lives in a preventive manner? Would the desperate hunt for a cure imperatively circumvent the ethical principles of routine research? How shall we balance the fundamental rights to privacy, and the need to trace individuals with digital technologies for the sake of prevention (3) These are some of the tough issues facing decision-makers, healthcare practitioners and scholars around the world today, since the pandemic of COVID-19 has exerted the biggest burden on governments, public health services, markets, cultures, populations, and citizens (2). The COVID-19 pandemic has both revealed and created profound social rifts. It has driven us into deep ethical analysis to help explain the tough choices that we would be called upon to make and defend against actions that lack ethical foundations. In six different fields of life, this paper seeks to address ethical challenges that illustrate the enormity of the challenge we are facing worldwide. In the context of COVID-19, we consider health inequity, dilemmas in triage and allocation of scarce resources, ethical issues associated with research, ethical considerations relating to tracing apps, and exit strategies such as immunity passports and COVID-19 vaccines (3). References: 1. https://www.who.int/teams/research-for-health/covid-19 2. Robert, R., Kentish-Barnes, N., Boyer, A., Laurent, A., Azoulay, E. and Reignier, J., 2020. Ethical dilemmas due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Annals of intensive care , 10 (1), pp.1-9. 3. Khoo, E.J. and Lantos, J.D., 2020. Lessons learned from the COVID ‐ 19 pandemic. Acta Paediatrica .

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