DQ1&2 WK2 PUB-560
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Environmental Transmission of Infectious Disease
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Environmental Transmission of Infectious Disease
DQ 1
Zoonotic and vector-borne diseases pose significant threats to tropical region nations and
continental developed States. Increased globalization facilitates rapid travel between countries,
dynamically affecting outbreak patterns of infectious diseases. A recent study revealed that in the
last 70 years, more than 80 percent of emergent communicable disease outbreaks are attributed
solely to zoonotic or vector-borne pathogens (Zhou et al., 2022). Given the severity of the matter,
it is imperative to understand examples of these diseases and how they differ.
Zoonotic diseases are infections spread from infected animals (host) to humans upon
interaction. In contrast, vector-borne diseases require a bite from an arthropod vector such as a
tick, flea, or mosquito (Barker et al., 2019). Typically, the spread of pathogens from arthropods is
multifaceted as it requires an arthropod to be present besides the sole interaction between the
vertebrate host and the parasite (Barker et al., 2019). For instance, one cannot get malaria unless
bitten by a female anopheles mosquito. Climatic and environmental factors have a role as they
affect the degree of parasite development within the arthropod host. On the other hand, animals
act as carriers or natural reservoirs for causative agents of zoonotic diseases. Coming into contact
with these animals’ secretions or feces may facilitate transmission.
COVID-19 is an example of an emerging zoonotic disease that affected my region.
According to Zhou et al. (2022), bats were linked to SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the
COVID-19 virus. One Health initiative worked tirelessly to address the pandemic as it identifies
that human health is meticulously linked to animal and environmental health (Bonilla-Aldana et
al. 2020). It applied studies to find interdependent links between host and human. The studies
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conducted in Wuhan, where the first case emerged, helped understand how environmental
conditions such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, and vegetation were relevant to the outbreak
(Bonilla-Aldana et al. 2020). The One Health perspective ensured transdisciplinary collaboration
between governments to comprehend transmission cycles to prevent further transmissions.
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References
Barker, C. M., & Reisen, W. K. (2019).
Epidemiology Of Vector-Borne Diseases. Medical And Veterinary Entomology, 33–49.
http://doi.org/
10.1016/b978-0-12-814043-7.00004-2
Bonilla-Aldana, D. K., Dhama, K., & Rodriguez-Morales, A. J. (2020). Revisiting the one health approach in the context of COVID-19: a look into the ecology of this emerging disease.
Adv Anim Vet Sci
,
8
(3), 234-237. http://doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2020/8.3.234.237
Zhou, S., Liu, B., Han, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, L., Wu, Z., & Yang, J. (2022). ZOVER: The database of zoonotic and vector-borne viruses.
Nucleic Acids Research
,
50
(D1), D943-D949. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab862
5
DQ 2
Food-borne disease is still a significant global threat to human health in the 21
st
century
despite contemporary advancements in healthcare. While food-borne disease outbreaks are
predominant in the developing world, they equally affect residents in high-income nations.
According to Todd (2020), CDC estimates that about one in six persons in the US alone contracts
gastroenteritis each year, with 3000 deaths arising from consuming contaminated food. Such
figures are astonishing, considering most food-borne diseases can be easily prevented. Preventative measures come in the form of interlinked actions derived from investigating
past complaints and ailments to find the root cause of outbreaks, accurately identify present
hazards, and determine the conditions facilitating pathogen growth (
Todd, 2020). Indeed,
comprehending human behavior regarding food processing and handling helps evaluate intricate
risks and determine potential interventions necessary to prevent food-borne illnesses. For this
reason, Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) was formulated to manage food safety
by investigating and controlling microbes and toxins in food (
Gehring & Kirkpatrick, 2020).
Implementation of HACCP to prevent food-borne illness covers stages such as food
manufacturing, processing, storage, distribution and handling by consumers (
Gehring &
Kirkpatrick, 2020). By instituting critical control points, hazards are reduced to acceptable limits
in the end product consumed by individuals. According to Ferris (2022), the principles of
HACCP is useful for food safety processes as it covers a broad spectrum of food safety hazards.
E. coli
is a recent food-borne illness that occurred due to contamination within the
agricultural distribution chain in the US (Carstens et al., 2019). People who consumed
contaminated ground beef fell ill with severe stomach cramps and bloody diarrhea. A key
requirement to prevent future outbreaks is mandating minimum quality standards for agricultural
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water and domesticated animals (Carstens et al., 2019). Lastly, the distribution channels,
including importation routes, must be reviewed constantly to maintain hygiene standards.
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References
Carstens, C. K., Salazar, J. K., & Darkoh, C. (2019).
Multistate Outbreaks of Food-borne Illness
In The United States Associated With Fresh Produce From 2010 to 2017. Frontiers 1n
Microbiology, 10.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02667
Ferris, I. M. (2022). Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP). In
Applied Food
Science
(pp. 187-213). Wageningen Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-
90-8686-933-6_10
Gehring, K. B., & Kirkpatrick, R. (2020). Hazard analysis and critical control points
(HACCP).
Food Safety Engineering
, 191-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42660-
6_8
Todd, E. (2020).
Food-Borne Disease Prevention And Risk Assessment. International Journal Of
Environmental
Research
And
Public
Health
,
17(14),
5129.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145129