Healthcare Data and Informatics

1 Healthcare Data and Informatics Student's Name Instructor's Name Course Date

2 Part A Xu, J., Glicksberg, B. S., Su, C., Walker, P., Bian, J., & Wang, F. (2021). Federated learning for healthcare informatics. Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research , 5 (1), 1-19. According to this article, many healthcare information is becoming gladly accessible from medical centers, clients, cover providers, and medical companies. The study aims to discuss the relation between informatics and healthcare and the challenges faced in this context. Credits can be given to the rapid growth of computer innovations. This access provides data science applications a once-in-a-lifetime chance to generate data-driven knowledge and enhance the value of patient care. On the other hand, healthcare data is often unreliable and private, finding it challenging to produce reliable populations. For instance, various clinics own the electronic health records (EHR) of various patient groups, and due to their delicate nature, these records are hard to exchange through hospitals. This provides a significant impediment to developing provable analytical methods that require a large amount of large data. Deep knowledge, a way of training a common universal template with a central database while holding all confidential data in the local institutions where it belongs, holds a lot of promise for connecting disparate medical sources of data while maintaining privacy. The authors in this article, in the course of their study, have cited different articles which have had various reviews about federal learning for healthcare informatics. According to this article, Federated learning is a reliable approach for connecting EHR data from clinical entities, enabling them to exchange their experiences rather than their data while maintaining confidentiality. Some of the experienced challenges include communication efficiency, privacy, and security and communication efficiency. The article concluded by giving a solution to the challenges that are faced by federated learning. From my perspective, this study is reliable since it provides detailed information linking informatics to healthcare, including faced challenges and solutions. Iyengar, A., Kundu, A., & Pallis, G. (2018). Healthcare informatics and privacy. IEEE Internet Computing , 22 (2), 29-31. According to the study that Iyengar, Kundu, & Pallis conducted in 2018, Although the Internet offers a future of widely available and knowledgeable medical patients', physicians,' nurses,' and health professionals' privacy is more important than ever before. This research focuses on two key issues that are related to healthcare informatics, including privacy. The Internet has facilitated and accelerated the technological change of healthcare environments. Although the internet and IoT-driven environments offer a vision of widely available and intelligent healthcare, the associated parties' privacy is now an area of concern. To counter suicidality, regulatory standards are changing. Since the 1950s, electronics and telecommunications technology have been used in the healthcare and life scientific sectors. With the introduction of mobile devices, cloud services, computer vision, and analysis in the last decade or so, the technological innovation of healthcare on the Website has been fast and explosive. The Internet has made it possible to share and communicate health records. The Internet has made it possible to share and communicate health records and offer medical services and apps that link patients and clinicians. Cloud networks, mobile technology, and the Internet of Things (IoT), spread across geographical and political borders, have contributed to the development of digital healthcare environments. Such ecosystems help in improving healthcare and making it more intelligent. However, despite this trend in healthcare, the privacy of the

4 patient-centered. The article is thus one of the best with appropriate information on healthcare informatics and any related data. Wan, T. T., Gurupur, V. P., & Tanik, M. M. (2017). Design and Evaluation of Integrated Healthcare Informatics. Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science , 21 (3), 1-5. According to Wan, Gurupur, & Tanik, Healthcare informatics analysis is a modern field of science that aims to find evidence-based data and insight that can be used to improve patient engagement policies and operations. This study's ultimate aim is to direct medical and administrative goals of competence and health optimization, and the effectiveness and productivity of organizations. Several science technicians have developed their research methodologies by using multidisciplinary knowledge to achieve health and health care in the past. Several approaches are personal and health-related, which have been employed, and these are discussed in this article. These include Human ecology, which is defined as an analysis of human development and behavior in various remote sensing settings; health population, which refers to a study of critical events such as reproduction, death rates, lifespan, and impairment; and medical sociology, a research of the synergy of social and environmental influences affecting public health and disease. Other approaches include Medical epidemiology, which refers to the analysis of patterns and themes in morbidity and mortality that are linked to medical procedures and outcomes, health economics which is the study of how people use health services, as well as the quality and financial factors that influence how they are delivered. A study of behavior modification variables like personality, awareness, inspiration, and desire for health-related behaviors is known as health psychology. This study has identified four developing trends in the healthcare informatics study, which are the key points in this study. First, healthcare studies claimed for the use of translational (turning fundamental knowledge and experience into medical exercise for public well-being), transformational (guiding a pattern change from complicated to prudent care management strategies), and transdisciplinary study (for optimizing behavioral and social improvements, incorporating multi-factorial interventions into a structured state of information). Second, technical advancements have influenced how knowledge is managed and developed, information is shared and disseminated, and health care infrastructure is used. Access to high computers accelerates researchers' data acquisition and analytical strengths. Third, opportunities for collaboration between researchers and clinicians have influenced new study projects in addressing public and unique issues in healthcare transfer. There are excellent healthcare services designed to care for people with chronic illnesses, such as specialist responsible healthcare services for chronic disease patients, therapeutics, heart problems, and stroke treatment are all available. Fourth, conducting exploratory research in comparative efficiency research for disease control and outcome evaluation will lead to novel approaches to population health management issues. Harris, S., Shi, S., Brealey, D., MacCallum, N. S., Denaxas, S., Perez-Suarez, D., ... & Singer, M. (2018). Critical Care Health Informatics Collaborative (CCHIC): Data, tools and methods for reproducible research: A multi-centre UK intensive care database. International journal of medical informatics , 112 , 82-89. This research aims to create and maintain a multi-center system of high-resolution lengthy electronic health records (EHR) from adult Intensive Care Units that can be linked

5 (ICU). Build a range of open-source equipment to help these statistics study complete while preserving the privacy of individuals, with a special emphasis on anonymization. The materials and methods by researchers in this study include creating a modular EHR processing pipeline that allows them to extract, connect, normalize, curate, and anonymize EHR data. The NHS Medical Research Agency's Privacy Advisory Group approved the use of these data, and patient and community participation were required from the start (CAG). The information is held in a Data Safe Haven that has been approved. The researchers also adopted the principles of long- term software design. After the study, the researchers argued that It's difficult to make healthcare data accessible for analysis. CCHIC is a one-of-a-kind multi-center lengthy and sharable source that prioritizes patient confidentiality by maintaining the peak levels of data protection while also providing resources to clean, organize, and anonymize data. They agreed that developing such resources is critical if we are to achieve the twin goals of protecting patient secrecy while still working for the sake of patients. The study concluded that Health care experts from both research and business are now using the CCHIC site. The 'research ready' range of data analysis software has an implementation, and tertiary care system integration works. Part B Advantages of Delivering Health Care Using Informatics Through the Electric Health Record (HER), informatics helps maintain patient records in healthcare ( University of Illinois Chicago,2020) . Many clients see several health care providers. Since medical records are not centralized through doctors, consultants, labs, and clinics, managing a patient's medications with paper-based reports is difficult. Electronic health record (EHR) systems, on the other hand, make maintaining patient data simpler and safer. During the pressure of an incident, clients no longer need to recall their medical history. When parents move, they no longer have to be concerned about forgetting physician names or losing vaccination records ( University of Illinois Chicago,2020) . Instead, when clients arrive at a hospital, the medical team already has a lot of their knowledge in the EHR. Patients would have to fill out simpler, shorter forms as a result of the reduced paperwork. The informatic have led to reduced costs in health care services. According to the Institute of Medicine (IOM), medical errors are estimated to cost the United States $38 billion a year, according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) ( University of Illinois Chicago,2020) . Technology reduces mistakes and strives to remove many labor-intensive activities from the overloaded hands of medical personnel. These procedures are automated, which saves the health sector and patients a lot of money. Since EHRs enable all healthcare professionals to access lab results and documents, informatics often means fewer repeat tests or blood tests. This is a significant advantage in health informatics since insurance rates are stable and there are fewer bills. Use of informatic leads to less trial and error ( University of Illinois Chicago,2020) . To avoid adverse reactions to vaccines or other drugs, EHRs certify that patients obtain the correct prescription the first time. They also alert doctors before administering medication if it has unsafe reactions with another medicine the patient is taking. These systems assist in removing human error from the equation. Disadvantages of Delivering Health Care Using Informatics Informatics leads to potential privacy and security issues ( Gallaghermalpractice.com. 2018) . Like almost any other network connection nowadays, EHR programs are easily hackable, putting confidential patient information in the incorrect hands. This has increased due to the

7 References Gallaghermalpractice.com. 2018. Advantages and Disadvantages of Electronic Health Records . [online] Available at: <https://www.gallaghermalpractice.com/blog/post/advantages-and- disadvantages-of-electronic-health-records> [Accessed 22 April 2021]. Harris, S., Shi, S., Brealey, D., MacCallum, N. S., Denaxas, S., Perez-Suarez, D., ... & Singer, M. (2018). Critical Care Health Informatics Collaborative (CCHIC): Data, tools and methods for reproducible research: A multi-centre UK intensive care database. International journal of medical informatics , 112 , 82-89. Iyengar, A., Kundu, A., & Pallis, G. (2018). Healthcare informatics and privacy. IEEE Internet Computing , 22 (2), 29-31. Pang, Z., Yang, G., Khedri, R., & Zhang, Y. T. (2018). Introduction to the special section: convergence of automation technology, biomedical engineering, and health informatics toward the healthcare 4.0. IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering , 11 , 249-259. University of Illinois Chicago.2020. UIC Online Health Informatics. 4 Ways Health Informatics Improves Patient Care | UIC Health Informatics . [online] Available at: <https://healthinformatics.uic.edu/blog/4-ways-health-informatics-improves-patient- care/> [Accessed 22 April 2021]. Wan, T. T., Gurupur, V. P., & Tanik, M. M. (2017). Design and Evaluation of Integrated Healthcare Informatics. Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science , 21 (3), 1-5. Xu, J., Glicksberg, B. S., Su, C., Walker, P., Bian, J., & Wang, F. (2021). Federated learning for healthcare informatics. Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research , 5 (1), 1-19.