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1 Chapter 4: The Habitability of Earth 1) The Earth owes its habitability primarily to A) the chemical composition of its surface B) a combination of its size and its distance from the Sun C) its size only D) its distance from the Sun only 2) Which of the following statements correctly describe the word geology? A) The study of worlds with solid surfaces B) The study of the Earth C) The study of the processes and features that shape worlds D) All of the statements describe the word geology 3) Which of the following processes is believed to have been an important source of the Earth's atmosphere? A) outgassing by volcanoes on the Earth's surface B) gas trapped from the solar nebula C) matter blasted from the surface of the Moon D) charged particles trapped from the Sun 4) Which component of Earth's geology is believed to have been largely responsible for the long- term climate stability that has allowed life to evolve? A) global magnetism B) seismic activity C) plate tectonics D) erosion and weathering 5) Which component of Earth's geology has helped to shield the Earth's atmosphere from energetic particles of solar wind from the Sun which would have gradually stripped it away into space? A) volcanism B) seismic activity C) plate tectonics D) global magnetism 6) What do we mean by the "geological record"? A) rocks from earlier periods of the Earth's history B) samples of meteorites that fell to Earth early in its history C) remains of ancient organisms preserved in rocks D) an album by the Rolling Stones 7) What do we mean by the "fossil record"? A) rocks from earlier periods of the Earth's history B) samples of meteorites that fell to Earth early in its history C) remains of ancient organisms preserved in rocks D) an album by the Rolling Stones

2 8) How are the "geological record" and the "fossil record" related? A) the geological and fossil records are completely unrelated B) the fossil record is part of the geological record C) the geological record is part of the fossil record D) the geological record and the fossil record are just different names for the same thing 9) Rocks are found on the surface of another planet which appear to have been formed from the solidification of molten lava. Given this, they are most likely to be classified as A) meteoritic B) metamorphic C) sedimentary D) igneous 10) Rocks are found on the surface of another planet which appear to have been formed at the bottom of an ancient ocean. Given this, they are most likely to be classified as A) metamorphic B) igneous C) meteoritic D) sedimentary 11) When heat and pressure are applied to a sedimentary rock it turns into A) a metamorphic rock B) a meteorite C) another sedimentary rock D) an igneous rock 12) When heat and pressure are applied to an igneous rock it turns into A) another sedimentary rock B) an igneous rock C) a meteorite D) a metamorphic rock 13) When an igneous rock is eroded and then becomes deposited at the bottom of an ocean it turns into A) a metamorphic rock B) a meteorite C) another igneous rock D) a sedimentary rock 14) When a metamorphic rock is eroded and then becomes deposited at the bottom of an ocean it turns into A) a meteorite B) an igneous rock C) a sedimentary rock D) another metamorphic rock

3 15) Mineralogical analysis of a rock can tell us A) the detailed geological history of the rock B) what the rock is made of C) when the rock formed D) the temperature and pressure conditions under which it formed 16) Chemical analysis of a rock can tell us A) when the rock formed B) the detailed geological history of the rock C) what the rock is made of D) the temperature and pressure conditions under which it formed 17) Isotopic analysis of a rock can tell us A) what the rock is made of B) the detailed geological history of the rock C) the temperature and pressure conditions under which it formed D) when the rock formed 18) The method of dating the ages of rock and fossils using isotopic abundances is referred to as A) radiometric dating B) speed dating C) dendrochronology D) radiochronology 19) A radioactive isotope is A) an unstable nucleus that gives off radio waves B) a nucleus that formed from the fusion of two other nuclei C) a stable nucleus that is formed from the fission of a large unstable nucleus D) an unstable nucleus that spontaneously breaks apart 20) In radioactive decay, the original nucleus before decay is referred to as the A) daughter isotope B) parent isotope C) mother-in-law isotope D) progenitor isotope 21) In radioactive decay, the changed nucleus after decay is referred to as the A) daughter isotope B) parent isotope C) mother-in-law isotope D) progenitor isotope 22) In alpha decay, A) a proton turns into a neutron B) a neutron turns into a proton C) a proton turns into an electron D) a helium nucleus is ejected

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4 23) In beta decay, A) a neutron turns into a proton B) a helium nucleus is ejected C) a proton turns into an electron D) a proton turns into a neutron 24) A radioactive isotope with an atomic number of 92 undergoes alpha decay. What is the atomic number of the daughter nucleus? A) 93 B) 90 C) 91 D) 94 25) A radioactive isotope with an atomic number of 90 undergoes beta decay. What is the atomic number of the daughter nucleus? A) 89 B) 91 C) 92 D) 88 26) A radioactive isotope with an atomic number of 37 undergoes electron capture. What is the atomic number of the daughter nucleus? A) 35 B) 34 C) 38 D) 36 27) The radioactive isotope 226 Ra (atomic number 88) decays to the isotope 222 Rn (atomic number 86). What type of radioactive decay is this? A) beta decay B) electron ionization C) electron capture D) alpha decay 28) The radioactive isotope 7 Be (atomic number 4) decays to the isotope 7 Li (atomic number 3). What type of radioactive decay is this? A) electron capture B) beta decay C) electron ionization D) alpha decay 29) The radioactive isotope 131 I (atomic number 53) decays to the isotope 131 Xe (atomic number 54). What type of radioactive decay is this? A) electron capture B) electron ionization C) beta decay D) alpha decay

5 30) The geological record contains fewer older rocks than younger rocks because older rocks A) are mostly found deep within the Earth B) have been transformed by life processes that have occurred inside them C) have been destroyed by geological processes like plate tectonics and erosion D) have been destroyed by recent meteorite impacts 31) Fossils typically contain little or no organic matter because A) the organic matter has been destroyed when the rock containing the fossil was melted deep within the Earth's crust B) over time inorganic minerals have gradually replaced the organic matter C) the organic matter has radioactively decayed into inorganic matter D) ancient organisms contained little organic matter 32) Although fossils can be made in numerous ways, only a tiny fraction of living organisms leave behind any kind of fossil remnant because A) most minerals that replace organic material are soluble in water and so dissolve away B) the vast majority of dead organisms decay long before any mineral replacement can occur C) the organic material is destroyed by radioactivity D) they are destroyed by geological processes before mineral replacement can occur 33) The division of the geological history of the Earth into sets of distinct intervals is referred to as the geological A) time scale B) record C) spectrum D) ladder 34) The Earth's geological time scale is divided into four main A) epochs B) periods C) eras D) eons 35) The Earth's geological history is divided into how many eons? A) 4 B) 1 C) 3 D) 2 36) In which eon of Earth's history did the heavy bombardment occur? A) Hadean B) Archean C) Phanerozoic D) Proterozoic

6 37) At the start of which eon of Earth's history do we find the earliest evidence of life? A) Phanerozoic B) Proterozoic C) Archean D) Hadean 38) In which eon of Earth's history did life originate? A) Proterozoic B) Phanerozoic C) Archean D) Hadean 39) In which eon of Earth's history did dinosaurs and mammals first appear? A) Hadean B) Archean C) Phanerozoic D) Proterozoic 40) The Phanerozoic eon is divided into three main A) epochs B) periods C) eras D) ages 41) Geological eras are subdivided into A) eons B) periods C) epochs D) ages 42) The earliest geological period in the Phanerozoic eon was the A) Cambrian B) Triassic C) Tertiary D) Permian 43) In the geology, the term "Precambrian" refers to A) the eon immediately preceding the Phanerozoic eon B) all eons preceding the Phanerozoic eon C) the eon immediately preceding the Proterozoic eon D) all eons preceding the Proterozoic eon

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7 44) The oldest intact rocks found on Earth date back to approximately A) 4.57 billion years ago B) 3.85 billion years ago C) 4.38 billion years ago D) 4.02 billion years ago 45) Tiny grains of zirconium silicate (zircons) found embedded in sedimentary rocks have been radiometrically dated to what age? A) 4.57 billion years ago B) 3.85 billion years ago C) 4.38 billion years ago D) 4.02 billion years ago 46) An estimate of the minimum age of the solar system can made by measuring the ages of A) zircon crystals B) meteorites C) comets D) asteroids 47) Isotopic analysis of meteorites suggests the Earth and the rest of the solar system formed A) 3.85 billion years ago B) 4.57 billion years ago C) 4.38 billion years ago D) 4.02 billion years ago 48) What do we currently believe was the main source of the Earth's oceans and atmosphere? A) impacts by icy planetesimals B) outgassing by volcanoes C) material directly accreted from the solar nebula D) melting and vaporization of polar glaciers 49) The composition of the early atmosphere of the Earth was dominated by A) hydrogen (H 2 ) B) nitrogen (N 2 ) C) carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) D) oxygen (O 2 ) 50) The first few hundred million years of the solar system's history is referred to as the A) heavy bombardment B) big bang C) Hadean eon D) early pelting

8 51) Most of the craters on the highlands of the Moon were formed A) approximately 65 million years ago B) at the end of the Hadean eon approximately 3.85 billion years ago C) fairly recently during the last million years or so D) during the period of early bombardment constituting the first few hundred million years of the Earth's history 52) Given the Earth's larger size and strong gravity, the Earth's surface should have more impact craters than the Moon. However, it has very few. Why is this? A) the Moon acted like a shield, protecting the Earth from most impacts B) the Earth's surface was almost completely molten during the Hadean Eon so no impact craters were formed C) almost all impacts occurred in the oceans so no impact craters were formed D) geological processes like plate tectonics, volcanism, and erosion have erased them 53) Analysis of rocks returned from the lunar maria during the Apollo program suggest they formed A) during the period of early bombardment constituting the first few hundred million years of the Earth's history B) fairly recently during the last million years or so C) roughly 65 million years ago D) between 3.9 and 3.0 billion years ago 54) Which of the following geological processes has shaped the surface of the Earth? A) plate tectonics B) volcanism C) erosion D) all of these 55) Geological processes on the Earth's surface are directly related to A) the reflectivity of its surface B) the composition of its atmosphere C) the rate of impacts D) internal heat 56) One observation that suggests that the Earth has a dense central core is that A) the Earth has plate tectonics B) surface rocks have the same density as the overall density of the planet C) surface rocks have a lower density than overall density of the planet D) surface rocks have a higher density than the overall density of the planet Answer: C 57) The internal structure of the Earth is investigated mainly by A) studying seismic waves generated from earthquakes B) deep drilling C) remote sensing satellites D) measuring changes in the Earth's magnetic field

chapter_04 (1)

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