Chapter 11 and 12 questions
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Jan 9, 2024
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Chapter 11: Iron Ores and Iron Mining
1.
Discuss the discovery of the ore.
William A. Burt discovered iron ore in Michigan in 1844.
The ore was found near Negaunee, which became a significant mining location.
2.
Discuss the geology of iron formations.
Iron formations in Michigan consist of banded iron formation (BIF).
BIF includes alternating layers of iron-rich minerals and chert, formed in ancient seas.
3.
Discuss the early mining operations in Michigan’s three iron ranges.
Early mining in Michigan's iron ranges included the Marquette, Menominee, and Gogebic ranges.
Mining operations often started as small-scale open-pit mines.
4.
Discuss methods of iron ore exploration and development.
Iron ore exploration used methods like magnetic surveys, drilling, and geological mapping.
Development included assessing ore quality, quantity, and economic viability.
5.
Discuss the onset of underground mining operations.
Underground mining began as surface ore was exhausted, requiring new mining technology.
Underground mines extended deeper into the iron formations.
6.
Discuss the era of iron ore enrichment.
Natural processes enriched iron ores, making them more economically valuable.
Enrichment improved ore quality and reduced impurities.
7.
Discuss some modern challenges with iron ore.
Modern challenges include environmental concerns, such as land reclamation and habitat restoration.
Market fluctuations, global competition, and economic factors can impact the sustainability of iron ore mining.
Chapter 12: Copper Mining: A Billion Years of Geological Human History
1.
Discuss the Mid-continent rift system.
The mid-continent rift system formed about 1.1 to 1 billion years ago.
It played a crucial role in creating unique geological conditions for copper deposition.
2.
Discuss the Rocks of the Keweenaw Peninsula.
The Keweenaw Peninsula's native copper mining district is primarily composed of basaltic lava flows.
Native copper was trapped within these rocks, making the area rich in copper resources.
3.
Discuss the regional history from rifting to glaciation.
This period spans roughly 1.0 billion to 2 million years ago.
Geological events shaped the landscape and influenced the formation of copper deposits.
4.
Discuss regional history: Pleistocene glaciation and float copper.
This era covers about 2 million to 10,000 years ago.
Glaciers transported copper boulders, known as float copper, across the region.
5.
Discuss regional history: Keweenaw National Historic Park.
The park preserves the history of copper mining in the Keweenaw Peninsula.
It showcases the significance of copper mining in the region.
6.
Discuss regional history: Early European and American explorers.
Explorers arrived in the Keweenaw Peninsula between 1610 and 1845, recognizing the copper potential.
Their presence laid the foundation for the copper mining industry.
7.
Discuss regional history: Opening of a modern mining district.
From approximately 1845 to 1890, large-scale copper mining operations began.
The district's development marked a turning point in copper mining history.
8.
Discuss regional history: Peak of mining.
The peak of copper mining in the Keweenaw Peninsula occurred from around 1890 to 1915.
Significant copper production took place during this period.
9.
Discuss regional history: Onset of decline.
The decline in the copper mining industry began around 1920.
Challenges included declining copper grades and changing economic factors.
10. Discuss regional history: Opening of the White Pine mine.
The White Pine mine was opened in the early 1950s, revitalizing copper mining in the region.
It extended the life of copper mining.
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11. Discuss regional history: End of copper mining.
Copper mining in the Keweenaw Peninsula experienced two significant declines, in 1968 and 1996.
Economic factors and depletion of resources led to the industry's closure.
12. Discuss copper mining in the future.
The future of copper mining in the region remains uncertain, with possible exploration of deeper or previously uneconomical deposits.
The demand for copper in various industries will influence future mining prospects.