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Volcanoes-Activity Sheet 90 points As always, I t’s all about relationships. As you prepare for exam-2, review the content below and formulate relationships between types of volcanoes, volcanic processes, types of lava flows and volcanic hazards. In many cases, don’t memorize, but explain in your own words and develop a picture in your mind regarding volcanic concepts using the proper terminology. Please make sure you take a look at the probable exam essay questions at the end of this activity sheet. It’s recommended that you view the plate tectonic lecture in its entirety before answering questions. Define the following volcano terminology: Viscosity- - How well a material flows volcanic bombs- Emanate right from the opening of the caldera part of the volcano Crater- pyroclastic flow- . A dense destructive mass of very hot ash, lava fragments, and gases ejected explosively from a volcano and typically flowing downslope at great speed Volatiles- Components of magma that are dissolved until it reaches the surface Nuee-Ardente- travel 200 mph, ash cloud filled with volatiles Vent- Pahoehoe lava- V ery fluid like lava Lahars- (mud flows) one has to envision in a felsic volcano, as the magma rises to the top of the volcano it starts to heat the surrounding snow. shield volcano- a broad domed volcano with gently sloping sides, characteristic of the eruption of fluid, basaltic lava volcanic pipe (diatreme)- diatreme is a general term used to describe a volcanic vent or pipe that formed Aa lava: Thick lava that comes out the volcano slowly volcanic flank- Sides of the volcano composite volcano- Stratovolcano that is a conical volcano built up by man layers parasitic cone- Cone shaped accumulation of volcanic material Ash- volcanic conduit- pipe of the volcano that allows magma to move up from the magma chamber through the conduit cinder cone - cone formed around a volcanic vent by fragments of lava thrown out during eruptions Dike- the magma is cutting across the layers Sill- a type of igneous rock feature that is parallel to an overlying rock material Laccolith - a mass of igneous rock, typically lens-shaped, that has been intruded between a rock Batholith - a very large igneous intrusion extending deep in the earth’s crust stock- . 1. Mt. St. Helens is the only volcano that has erupted in the Continental US within the last 100 years. Relationship Question: a. Draw a map showing California, Oregon and Washington State and show the geographical location of Mt. St.Helens b. Which mountain range is Mt. St. Helens part of? Cascade Range

2. Types of volcanic lava eruptions, type of volcano and if the volcano is either explosive or non-explosive is all about VISCOSITY Relationship Questions: a. In your own words, describe a liquid that has viscosity -- What is viscosity? i. How well material flows b. Describe at least 3 types of liquids with high viscosity and 3 types of liquids having low viscosities that you have interacted with over your lifetime i. Glass, Molasses, jelly c. How can you change the high viscosity of chocolate sauce to low viscosity? i. By heating it up Why does heating up a liquid change most liquids to a lower viscosity heat melts some particles of the liquid and makes it less thick a. What happens to oil viscosity in a car as the engine heats to operation temperature? i. Oil becomes more fluid b. Do molasses and peanut butter have viscosity? (explain) i. Yes they are really thick c. Does glass have viscosity? (explain) 3. Factors influencing the volcanic eruption and type of volcano Relationship Questions: Using terms High or Low viscosity, High or Low temperature, low or high silica, volatiles, explosive, fluid, and Low or High viscosity, fill in the blanks to make the statements below correct. a. A mafic lava flow creates a fluid flow that is concentrated with l ow Silica and forms Nonexplosive types of lava flows b. A felsic lava flow creates a Pasty flow that is concentrated with High silica and forms an explosive type of lava flows. c. High silica content in a felsic type volcano inhibits the movement of High silica creating An explosive of volcanic eruption. d. Low silica content in a mafic type volcano allows free movement of Low viscosity creating a nonexplosive volcanic eruption e. Viscosity is controlled with temperature. High temperature creates Explosive eruptions and volatiles and lower temperatures creates Nonexplosive . 4. Typically, volcanoes will emit a combination of volatile compositions. Relationship Questions: a. List in order of highest to lowest percentage of gas concentrations emitted by a typical volcanic eruption Water/ vapor 70% Carbon dioxide 15% Sulfur 5% Nitrogen 5% Hydrogen -1% b. Explain what is meant by “gas content of a typical eruption is 1-6% of total magma weigh i. The more magma you have the more volatile the gas c. How does volcanic eruptions worldwide contribute to our current composition of the earth’s atmosphere?? i. It has gasses that come out onto the atmosphere Mafic type lava flows: 1. Explain the differences between a basaltic Aa and basaltic Pahoehoe lava flow in terms of high/low volatile content a. Pahoehoe is very fluid, thin, broadsheets, they move from 10-300 km/hr and high volatile gas content 2. What is a “good” way to differentiate the differences between an Aa and pahoehoe flow?

a. Aa is more notable for its heat than pahoehoe 3. Would you regard an Aa and Pahoehoe a “fluid” or “pasty” type flow --- Explain a. Pahoehoe is a fluid type flow because of the high volatile gasses as opposed to the Aa Felsic type lava flows: 1. Describe the following types of “felsic” eruptions: Volcanic bombs- emanate right from the opening the caldera part of the volcano Nuee-Ardente- travel 200 mph, ash cloud filled with volatiles, they roll down the flanks lahar- (mud flows) one has to envision in a felsic volcano, as the magma rises to the top of the volcano it starts to heat the surrounding snow Ash- Microscopic glass What is a “good” way to differentiate the differences between the type of flows described above? Rhyolitic magmas which are high In silica, are very pasty 2. What “volcanic” factors are involved in differentiating between a mafic (basaltic) lava from a felsic (rhyolitic) lava? Think: viscosity, silica content, volatile content, temperature, fluid flow, explosive flow. a. Mafic magmas are low in silica and contain more dar, magnesium, and iron-rich mafic minerals. Felsic magmas are higher in silica and contain lighter-colored minerals such as quarts and orthoclase 3. How does the factors above (number 3) give rise to various types of volcanoes found on earth? a. all volcanoes are different and knowing how to identify them will make it easier 5. Draw a diagram showing a picture of a typical volcano and label the following characteristics: flanks, volcanic conduit, crater, volcanic base, magma chamber, vent, parasitic cone, and volcanologist that studies volcanoes. 6. There a three major types of volcanoes (stratocomposite, shield, cinder cone) Shield, Composite, Cinder cone Relationship Questions : a. Discuss why three major types of volcanoes are found on the earth’s surface i. Shield Volcano is found in Hawaii. Formed by the accumulation of fluid basaltic flows with low silica content. (BasalticComposition) Low Viscosity. Less than 1% pyroclastic debris. Non-explosive eruptions pahoehoe flows aa flows. ii. Stratovolcano is formed from layering deposits of ash, lava, and pyroclastic flows. High silica content(70%)- Rhyolitic composition) high viscosity flows. Abundant pyroclastic activity, deadly airborne debris, explosive eruption- very hazardous. iii. Cinder Cones: (Scoria Cones) exist all over the earth's surface (by the 1000’s) characteristic of volcanic fields (Flagstaff, AZ., approx 600). Very high steep angled flanks 30-40 degrees. Average 100ft- 1000ft high. b. Draw a picture depicting each volcano type and draw the diagram accurate to the characteristics described in the above answer. c. Fill in the chart below:

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SiO2 Viscosity “Fluid” or “Explosiv e ” Type of lava flow Chemical Compositi on n Brief Volcano Descriptio n. Shield Volcano Very Low Low Nonexplosi ve fluid Basaltic magma Found in Hawaii Cinder Cone Low Low Explosive Fluid pressure Can form a parasitic type of cone Composit e Volcano 70% High explosive pasty Abundant pyroclastic activity Formed from layering deposits of ash, lava 7. Research the internet and find 3 “famous” volcanoes that have been in the news. For each volcano you find, describe the “geological” characteristics using the above chart. In other words, what type of volcano does your choice reveal? Kilauea, hawaii- 1924. Lassen Peak- 1915 Mount Vesuvius- 79 A.D. 8. Throughout geologic history, live volcanic activity does not last forever, however evidence of volcanic activity is present on the earth’s surface by observing various types of volcanic landforms. Relationship Questions: a. Construct and draw diagrams depicting caldera’s, volcanic fissures and exposed volcanic features such as volcanic necks, pipes, volcanic flows, diatremes, and lava domes (plug domes). i. Caldera’s (cooking pot): larger depressions in excess of 1 mile diameter. 1. Formed the following ways Collapse of the summit following an explosive silica rich eruption (Crater Lake). Collapse of a shield volcano from drainage of central magma chamber (Hawaiian

Islands). Collapse of a large area from the discharge of colossal volumes of high silica rich pyroclastic materials. \ ii. Volcanic Pipes and Neck (diatreme) 1. Diatremes extend to depths of 200 km (125 miles) o Magma ascends rapidly with little alteration. 2. Characteristics of high P/T minerals o Considered “windows” to the Earth’s interior 3. Best known diatremes are the Kimberlite diatremes of South Africa Diamond bearing. b. For each volcanic feature above, list at least 3 distinctive characteristics that differentiates each type of volcanic feature. c. For each feature listed in (a), research and find a representative geographic location on earth where that feature exists. Caldera - it is commonly called the ring of Fire. Volcanic fissure- - Iceland and the great rift valley in Africa Volcanic neck - Ship rock in New Mexico and Devil’s tower in Wyoming Volcanic pipe- Vertical conduit beneath a volcano through which magma once passed on its journey Volcanic flow- Diatreme- Southeastern British Columbia, Canada Lava Dome - in the crater of large composite volcanoes d. Draw a diagram that shows the following igneous rock features associated with volcanism and non-volcanism. Given each term, indicate if the feature is extrusive or intrusive bodies of solidified igneous rocks. 1. Batholith: a very large igneous intrusion extending deep in the earth’s crus 2. Laccolith: a mass of igneous rock, typically lens-shaped, that has been intruded between rock 3. strata causing uplift 4. Stock: Irregular igneous body less than 40 square miles 5. Dike: a mushroomed type shape dome igneous 6. Sill: of igneous rock feature that is parallel to an overlying rock material 9. Plate tectonic processes are paramount when describing the physical and compositional characteristics of volcanoes and volcanic activity. Relationship Questions. a. Using the completed chart in question 6, add a new column, to the left of the volcanic description, that says “plate tectonic setting”. In the plate tectonic setting column, “briefly” describe the typical plate boundary setting responsible for each type of volcano. Types of Volcanoes Plate Tectonic Setting Composite Shield Cinder Cone

b. How does each tectonic boundary (divergent/convergent) provide the “chemistry (mafic or felsic” -- ie silica content) that allows the composite and shield volcano to exist? ---- Loaded critical thinking question. If you can answer this, you are in the league of volcanologists!! And the forefront of plate tectonics i. Divergent: plates separated resulting from basaltic magma ascending into fractures. 1. Convergence- Oceanic plate subducts beneath ocean plate. Melting subducted plate ascends upwards forming shield type of volcanoes basaltic c. List at least three famous, in the news, volcanoes and describe the plate tectonic setting. Based on the news descriptions, how does this now match your knowledge of the occurrence and activity of volcanoes? i. Kilauea, hawaii- 1924. ii. Lassen Peak- 1915 iii. Mount Vesuvius- 79 A.D. 10. Are Volcanoes and volcanic activity geologic hazards? Explain Yes the way the temperature of the ground rises Relationship Questions a. When does volcanic activity become hazardous? Think: population b. All volcanic activity is potentially dangerous ----- however, which of the two (shield or composite) poses the biggest threat? WHY? And explain c. How do volcanologists begin to predict a volcanic eruption threat? d. Which volcanoes today, in the news, are currently being monitored and pose a potential threat? e. Which volcanoes are active today in the continental US?

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Atmosphere Activity Sheet 130 points As always, I t’s all about relationships. As you prepare for exam-3, review the content below and formulate relationships between atmospheric processes, the role of water vapor in the atmosphere, cloud formation and Bakersfield climate. In many cases, don’t memorize, but explain in your own words and develop a picture in your mind regarding atmospheric processes. Most importantly, as you learn the concept and relationship, be able to explain the concept using the proper terminology. Please make sure you take a look at the probable exam essay questions at the end of this activity sheet. It’s recommended that you view the atmosphere lecture in its entirety before answering questions. 1. Construct a diagram depicting the layers of the earth’s atmosphere and properly identify the 4 major atmospheric terms. a. Troposphere: 11 miles high (from ground level) i. A combination of clouds, turbulent and the production of clouds ii. The lowest layer of the atmosphere iii. Temperature decreases with altitude 1. ETL - temperature decreases with altitude 2. ETL average 6.4C 1000m iv. All storm and turbulent activity takes place b. Stratosphere: above Troposphere 30 miles upward i. Lies between the troposphere and mesosphere ii. Contains strong, persistent winds that blow from west to east. iii. Temperature increases as altitude increases iv. The calmest atmosphere v. Ozone layer: (O3) 1. Three oxygen bonded together 2. O2 (mole oxygen) + O (elemental oxy) a. Combine through ultraviolet energy bombardment — continuous cycle i. Protects us from harmful UV radiation ii. Absorbs 97% of UV radiation. iii. Concentrated from the stratosphere c. Mesosphere: 50 miles high (temperature decreases) i. Coldest temperatures of the atmosphere ii. 30 to 50 miles above the earth iii. Temperature decreases with altitude. d. The temperature gets colder until the stratosphere, then it gets warmer e. Thermosphere: Above all the spheres

i. The first layer to be heated by the sun ii. The uppermost layer of the atmosphere iii. Temperature increases with altitude. iv. As height increases pressure gets very low because air becomes very f. Relationship Questions: 1. Using your atmosphere diagram, describe temperature changes that take place from one layer to the next. a. In the troposphere temperature decreases with altitude. In the stratosphere, temperature increases as altitude increases. In the mesosphere, temperature decreases with altitude and is the coldest temperature. 2. What major factor influences temperature change in each atmospheric layer? a. Ozone since it absorbs the sun's radiation 3. The stratosphere warms as altitude increases, but what is the maximum temperature the stratosphere reaches? How does this temperature relate to where we live? a. 0 4. Provide a list of characteristics that differentiate one atmospheric layer from another. 5. Using the pie diagram outlined in lecture, write and LEARN the composition or the earth’s atmosphere a. Nitrogen - 78.08% b. Oxygen - 20.95% c. Argon - .93% 6. Describe atmospheric pressure and the relationship to our atmosphere. a. The thermosphere atmospheric pressure is very low since the atmosphere is very thin. The molecules are spread out and for heat transfer is less 7. What is an atmosphere? Do other planets have atmospheres, Explain. a. No, the Atmospheres are a thin layer of gas that covers the entire earth, sea gasses let us breathe and keep us cool. Other planets do not have this. 2. Ozone a. Relationship Questions: 1. What is ozone, where in the atmosphere is it found a. 3 oxygens combined together; they are combined through ultraviolet energy bombardment b. Absorbs 97 % of UV radiation, and is found in the stratosphere 2. How important is ozone -- Explain a. The ozone is very important because it protects us from harmful UV radiation 3. Describe how ozone reacts with UV sunlight to protect life on earth (see lecture animation) a. The ozone absorbs a great deal of UV radiation only letting 3% onto our earth’s surface

4. How much UV sun radiation is absorbed from ozone and what percentage of UV light reaches the earth’s surface. Think about this answer and the fact, we still get sunburned. Explain a. Ozone absorbs 97% of UV, and 3% reaches our earth’s surface 5. Is ozone the same as smog, Explain 3. Sunlight (insolation) and or all light is identified using wavelengths which is grouped into the electromagnetic spectrum. Construct a diagram showing the entire electromagnetic spectrum scale (EM scale) and label the following: a. Wavelength b. Long and short wavelength groups c. Wavelength types (radio, microwaves……….. Gamma rays) d. Visible light spectrum (within the EM scale) b. Relationship Questions: 1. What is the relationship between wavelength and long wave/short wave radiation? a. What wavelengths are harmful and non-harmful to life on earth, Explain: (consider wavelength and how fast light travels) i. Long wavelengths are not harmful, but the shorter they are the more harmful they become. Radio waves infrared Ultraviolet x - rays Gamma Rays 2. Differentiate between various types of wavelengths (radio, microwave, inferred ……………) a. Radio waves, microwaves, and infrared are both long wavelengths and as a result would not be harmful to humans and other organisms (NON-HARMFUL) b. Ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays are all part of the short waves they only get shorter and they are very harmful to humans ( VERY HARMFUL) 3. How fast does light travel and how is the speed of light and wavelength used to describe the term frequency? a. Explain the concept of frequency and relationship to long and short wave radiation and question 1a above. i. Speed of light is used to describe the term of frequency, because the faster it is the thinner the frequency of the wave becomes 4. The sun delivers the entire EM scale to the earth. Describe how the earth’s atmosphere (layers of the atmosphere) changes insolation to long wave radiation by the time insolation reaches the earth’s surface. a. Thermosphere and the mesosphere will absorb the x-rays and gamma rays, as well as start to absorb some of the ultraviolet radiation b. The stratosphere absorbs UV waves and makes Ozone, getting rid of 97% of Radiation c. Troposphere is where we get longwave energy and 3 % of ultraviolet 4. Atmospheric processes are primarily controlled by the presence of water vapor in the earth’s atmosphere. It is extremely important that you learn how important water vapor is in our atmosphere. a. Relationship Questions: 1. What percentage range is the presence of water vapor in the earth’s atmosphere a. Where on earth would one expect the highest levels of water vapor and lowest levels of water vapor, Explain

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2. Where does the water vapor come from that fills the earth’s atmosphere --- Think evaporation 5. The concept of latent heat drives most atmospheric processes we feel and see (clouds, storms, hurricanes ect… It’s important to grasp the latent heat concept. a. Relationship Questions: 1. What is latent heat (describe) a. The amount of heat released or absorbed during a phase change (EX solid to a liquid to a gas) 2. How does energy (from the sun) drive the concept of latent heat? In your explanation use the terms evaporation, condensation, heat absorption, heat release a. In your answer, explain what happens to energy during the process of evaporation and condensation b. The more energy that is in the system the more rapidly the particles will move c. As energy decreases the substance will become more solid. While evaporation occurs, energy is increased to the point where a liquid takes a water vapor form. 3. Explain how heat energy (sun) changes the energy level of water (liquid state), water vapor (gas state) and ice (solid state) using the concept of latent heat. a. Heat energy has a direct effect on the frequency of the particles of water in all its forms, water is affected by external factors heat energy is a very crucial factor 4. Finally, in your own words and after thoroughly answering the above questions, write a statement explaining latent heat in YOUR own words. a. Latent heat is an external factor that alters the movements of particles in the liquid move. It is also the energy being absorbed or released as a result of water's reaction to heat energy 6. The concept of relative humidity a. Relationship Questions 1. Explain the difference between humidity and relative humidity (RH) a. Humidity: Represents the amount of water vapor in the air i. The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is dependent on air temperature b. Relative humidity (RH) i. RH compares the amount of water vapor in the air that parcel of air can hold according to a particular temperature 2. It is essential that you are able to calculate RH. RH is always calculated in terms of percentage. a. Calculate the RH if air at 25C can hold 20g of water vapor and it currently is holding 5g. What is the RH? The answer is 25% ----- how did you get this answer, Explain i. Divide the amount of water vapor in the air by the amount of water vapor in the air parcel

b. Calculate the RH if air at 30C can hold 35g of water vapor and it currently holds 15 g of water vapor. What is the RH? i. 50% 3. The concept of dew point (DP), relative humidity (RH) and condensation a. What is the dew point? i. Describes the temperature at which the air parcel is at 100% b. Explain what happens to water vapor when RH is 100% i. It reaches its dew point c. When the temperature of an air parcel decrease , RH humidity Increase and reaches 100% which causes Saturation because the air parcel can not hold any more water vapor. d. What is the current RH in Bakersfield? (look it up on your phone) i. 16% e. What is the dew point for Bakersfield (look it up on your phone) i. 8C f. Explain when the Bakersfield atmosphere begins to condense given your answers in d and e. 4. Now, describe the relationship between RH, DP, condensation, air temperature, saturation and latent heat 7. The greenhouse concept a. Relationship Questions: 1. Listening to the lecture, describe how the greenhouse effect warms the earth’s atmosphere a. As waves come in they are trapped and the temperature gets higher. Trapped heat waves 2. What role do greenhouse gasses play regarding the warming of the atmosphere? a. The sun radiates and reaches the surface once it has made contact with land and water it is converted to a longer wavelength, infrared, and as the infrared rises into the atmosphere, it comes into contact with greenhouse gasses, which absorbs it and reflects back into the surface . 3. Is the greenhouse effect natural? Explain your answer a. Yes it is a natural occurrance 4. Which greenhouse gas creates stronger counter reradiation, water vapor or carbon dioxide? a. Which greenhouse gas (water vapor or carbon dioxide) is more concentrated in the earth’s atmosphere. Show your answer using numbers i. Water vapor b. What do you think is a bigger contributor to global warming in terms of greenhouse gasses (water vapor or carbon dioxide)? Explain i. Carbon dioxide c. Do you think global warming is caused from humans or natural earth processes --- Explain your reasoning from your answers above. i. The greenhouse effect is a natural occurrence that is important for our earth 8. Adiabatic processes a. Relationship Questions:

1. IMPORTANT! Describe what is meant by adiabatic cooling and heating of the atmosphere a. Adiabatic cooling takes place when the air pressure lowers since air parcels expand as they rise, this causes it to cool b. Adiabatic heating is when the air pressure is high and is lower where the air parcel is more compressed causing it to be cooler 2. How does atmospheric air pressure changes promote adiabatic cooling / heating of the atmosphere? 3. How does air cool or heat under the Dry adiabatic rate (DAR) and the moist adiabatic rate (MAR)--- In other words, for every 1000 m of rising air or sinking air, how does the temperature change adiabatically under the DAR and MAR. a. Dry adiabatic Rate - When air rising Unsaturated air (dry air) will cool 10C/1000m or 5.5F/1000ft. b. Moist adiabatic Rate- varies from 4-10 C/1000M, as an average 5C/1000m 9. Cloud formation using adiabatic processes, dew point, RH, DP and the LCL a. Relationship Questions: 1. What is a cloud? a. Suspended water droplets, Ice particles or mixture of both 2. Define the following terms: a. Adiabatic m. evaporation b. Cloud n. umbrella c. saturated d. Relative humidity e. Dew point f. convection g. Lifting condensation Level (LCL) h. Condensation i. Latent heat j. gravity k. Atmospheric pressure l. Precipitation 3. Below is a paragraph with blanks. Fill in the blanks with the proper terms listed above (a-j) from your definitions . The following terms are related with regards to cloud formation. Once you have put the correct terms in the blanks, learn how a cloud forms --- not memorize. As warm air takes in moisture due to __________________ , air begins to rise and RH decreases causing the rising air to Decrases causing the rising air to adiabatically cool. As cooling air takes place, RH increases and approaches dew point where air is saturated to 100% creating clouds and releasing Latent heat . Condensation takes place at an altitude within the atmosphere known as the LCL . At this altitude, Clouds form. At this atmospheric elevation, clouds appear to have flat bottoms. Air continues to rise beyond the LCL where air is completely Saturated and condensation is producing larger and larger water drops. Water drops are suspended within the could due to Precipitation currents caused by Evaporation heat release at the LCL and rising air becomes cooler as it moves away from the LCL. Water droplets become increasingly larger and convection currents cannot hold them. Gravity takes over, clouds begin to Condense and you now need to get your Umbrella .

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10. Draw a diagram that represents your paragraph and blanks you filled in. It is extremely important that you can explain how a cloud forms in your own words using the proper terminology. 11. Orographic lifting and Bakersfield climate a. Relationship Questions: 1. What is meant by orographic lifting of air masses? 2. Watch the last slide of atmospheric presentation and observe how an air mass originates in the Pacific Ocean and moves across California from west to east. a. Explain how air moving up the western side of the Coast Range and Sierra Nevada Mountains form clouds -- HINT: See your answers in the fill in the blank paragraph. i. Air rises, air adiabatically cools by expansion, the relative humidity goes up its reaching dew point which is relative humidity at 100 % , and upon dew point, it is going to produce clouds along the LCL and in most cases, you may get some rain, so here the rain is rising and then typically what you have is lots of precipitation along the western side of the seira mountain range. This air has to continue and as it continues over the top of the Siera mountains then it s adiabatically going to warm, it s air is going to be compressed and over here a true dessert is formed b. How are rain shadows produced? Both in the SJV and Mojave desert areas. HINT: adiabatic warming on the eastern side of the mountain ranges. i. When mountains block the moisture from getting into the valley c. Why is the Bakersfield area considered a semi-desert climate? i. Hot in the summer since we are away from the ocean cold. Possible Essay Questions for EXAM 3 1. Describe adiabatic processes and how it relates to cooling and warming air within the earth’s atmosphere a. Adiabatic cooling takes place when the air pressure lowers since air parcels expand as they rise, this causes it to cool b. Adiabatic heating is when the air pressure is high and is lower where the air parcel is more compressed causing it to be cooler 2. How does a cloud form? a. As warm air takes in moisture due to condensation, air begins to rise and RH decreases causing the rising air to Decrases causing the rising air to adiabatically cool. As cooling air takes place, RH increases and approaches dew point where air is saturated to 100% creating clouds and releasing Latent heat . Condensation takes place at an altitude within the atmosphere known as the LCL . At this altitude, Clouds form. At this atmospheric elevation, clouds appear to have flat bottoms. Air continues to rise beyond the LCL where air is completely Saturated and condensation is producing larger and larger water drops. Water drops are suspended within the could due to Precipitation currents caused by Evaporation heat release at the LCL and rising air becomes cooler as it moves away from the LCL. Water droplets become increasingly larger and convection

currents cannot hold them. Gravity takes over, clouds begin to Condense and you now need to get your Umbrella . 3. What are the layers of the atmosphere and how does temperature relate to each atmospheric layer? A. Troposphere: 11 miles high (from ground level) a. A combination of clouds, turbulent and the production of clouds b. The lowest layer of the atmosphere c. Temperature decreases with altitude i. ETL - temperature decreases with altitude ii. ETL average 6.4C 1000m d. All storm and turbulent activity takes place B. Stratosphere: above Troposphere 30 miles upward a. Lies between the troposphere and mesosphere b. Contains strong, persistent winds that blow from west to east. c. Temperature increases as altitude increases d. The calmest atmosphere e. Ozone layer: (O3) i. Three oxygen bonded together ii. O2 (mole oxygen) + O (elemental oxy) 1. Combine through ultraviolet energy bombardment — continuous cycle a. Protects us from harmful UV radiation b. Absorbs 97% of UV radiation. c. Concentrated from the stratosphere C. Mesosphere: 50 miles high (temperature decreases) a. Coldest temperatures of the atmosphere b. 30 to 50 miles above the earth c. Temperature decreases with altitude. D. The temperature gets colder until the stratosphere, then it gets warmer E. Thermosphere: Above all the spheres a. The first layer to be heated by the sun b. The uppermost layer of the atmosphere c. Temperature increases with altitude. d. As height increases pressure gets very low because air becomes very

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Winds and Global Winds - Activity Sheet --125 pts As always, I t’s all about relationships. As you prepare for exam-3, review the content below and formulate relationships between what causes wind, atmospheric pressure, global wind patterns, and how wind patterns shape climate. In many cases, don’t memorize, but explain in your own words and develop a picture in your mind regarding wind processes. . Most importantly, as you learn the concept and relationship, be able to explain the concept using the proper terminology. Please make sure you take a look at the probable exam essay questions at the end of this activity sheet. It’s recommended that you view the global wind lecture in its entirety before answering questions. 1. Are you under pressure? Yes, you are under atmospheric pressure. a. Relationship Question 1. What is atmospheric pressure and how is atmospheric pressure created? a. Atmospheric pressure - the force exerted on you by the weight of the atmosphere b. Caused by gravity holding gasses and pulling them down to earth. 2. What is the relationship between earth’s gravity and atmospheric pressure a. Atmospheric pressure is caused by gravity holding gasses and pulling them down to earth 3. What happens to atmospheric pressure as one ascends the atmosphere? a. Atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases b. Explain the differences between the mercurial and aneroid barometer when measuring atmospheric pressure i. A mercurial barometer makes use of a column of mercury, which is affected by the atmospheric pressure, whereas an aneroid barometer makes use of a sealed metal box, which expands or contracts depending on the pressure in the surrounding environment ii. When compared to the aneroid barometer, the accuracy of the mercurial barometer is superior, but it is also more sensitive to variations in temperature. 4. Why does water take longer to boil in high altitudes (mountains) than when living in a valley --- Explain a. Less pressure applied not as hot 2. Understanding atmospheric pressure a. Relationship Question 1. Explain how a balloon pops as it ascends the atmosphere using the relationship of atmospheric air pressure a. As the balloon rises into the air, the pressure on the balloon begins to expand, and it continuously expands until it pops. 2. Atmospheric pressure units can be both in millibars (metric) or PSI (pounds per square inch). What is the typical atmospheric pressure both in millibars and PSI if you were on the beach? a. 1.5 ib ./in^2 (psi) b. 1013.2 (MB) 3. Now let’s talk atmospheric pressure just in the Troposphere a. Draw a picture of boiling water as you would view in a glass pot.

1. One can view rising and falling air parcels within the troposphere by imagining boiling bubbles of water SLOWED way down ---- Explain this concept. a. Analogous to boiling water b. Air masses rise and fall within the atmosphere c. Dependent on the cooling/heating of the earth's surface 3. We can’t see the rising/falling air parcels in the troposphere, but we feel the effects. a. Relationship Questions 1. What causes “individual” air parcels to rise and fall within the troposphere? Explain unequal heating of the earth’s surface which heats and cools the troposphere (heating of water and land) 2. Since the earth is 75 % water and 30 % land masses the earth cools unequally 3. Land heats up very fast 4. Water heats slowly a. Explain specific heat properties of land (continents) and water (oceans) i. Land heats up very quickly ii. Water heats slowly b. Why does land release/absorb heat faster than water which releases/absorbs heat slower? i. Land releases / absorbs heat faster since ii. Water releases / absorbs heat slower since c. Explain why your pool (if you have a pool) is warm at night time? i. Because the pool is cooling very slowly d. Explain why a desert environment typically is warm during the day and very cold during the night (huge daily temperature difference unlike a coastal area) i. Because land releases / absorbs heat faster 5. Using rising and falling air parcels: a. Explain the differences between a high pressure and low pressure systems i. High pressure has cold sinking air ii. Low pressure has warm rising air b. How does cool air parcels differ from warm air parcels in relation to high and low pressure systems? i. The cool is sinking, and the warm is rising c. Using the following terms ( high pressure, low pressure, subsiding air, rising air, cooler air, warm air) match each term ---- because they mean the same thing. i. Cooling Air - sinking air - high pressure ii. Warming air - rising air - low pressure 6. Wind - the causes of wind a. How is wind generated on earth? i. Caused by unequal heating in the atmosphere b. Why do high pressure systems move into low pressure systems to create wind? Explain i. The wind is caused by high pressure always moving into low pressure

c. Is wind caused by subsiding air moving into rising air --- Explain i. The wind is caused by high pressure always moving into low pressure d. Is wind caused by cooler air moving into warmer air masses -- Explain i. Yes, since wind is caused by high pressure always moving into low pressure, and high pressure is associated with cooler air. e. Using pressure readings, explain why we experience strong winds versus mild winds i. The winds will always blow on low pressure 7. Coastal Winds --- constant wind patterns along the coastal areas a. Using specific heat properties and high/low pressure areas of land and water, explain why breezes change during the day ( HINT: follow the low pressure) 1. Why does air move towards the land during the day? a. During the day land is heating up faster than the ocean which creates a Low - pressure system on the land, while the ocean is cooler making a high-pressure system move towards the low-pressure system 2. Why does air move towards the ocean during the night? a. The high pressure changed and the ocean gets warm while land is cooler cause a reverse affect 3. Given your answer above, what terms are used to describe the daily wind changes along the coast. a. Where is it warmer or cooler i. High pressure will always follow low pressure 4. The earth is now heated and cooled and we are making wind (in the above answers), let’s add the earth’s rotation to the effects we feel. a. Relationship Questions: 1. How fast does the earth rotate--- per hour (you will be amazed) a. 1000mi 2. Explain why you would be thrown out of a car driving 80 mph that is making a sudden left turn (you are not wearing a seatbelt and there is no right door) i. I would slide out due to the Coriolis effect b. How does your answer in 1 and 2 above relate to the earth's rotation and processes in the atmosphere. i. Coriolis effect c. How does the Coriolis Force (CF) relate to answers in 1 and 2 above? 1. How does the CF affect wind, cloud formations and air planes in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres? Think deflection a. Due to the earth 's rotation, they would be deflected regardless of whether it is moving north, south , east, or west b. Objects moving to the northern part of the hemisphere are deflected to the right 2 2. Given the CF, how are anticyclones and cyclones related to high and low pressure systems?

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a. Anticyclones - ( high pressure ) \ b. Air spirals downward and outward ( subsiding air mass ) • Clockwise Spiral c. Cyclones - ( low pressure ) d. Air spirals upward and inward counterclockwise in a spiral 3. If a missile takes off from the surface in the northern hemisphere, does it appear to go straight up from your viewpoint --- Why or why not?\ a. Heads right being an anticyclone in the northern hemisphere 4. If the earth is rotating 1000 mi/hr, why are people and buildings not being deflected or thrown off of the earth’s surface??? a. There is enough pressure that keeps us still on the earth’s ground thanks to the atmosphere. 5. Explain how the CF affects the equatorial zone (Intertropical Convergence Zone) a. There really no wind that take place along the equatorial 6. Explain why the earth’s rotation is counterclockwise, but in the southern hemisphere it’s clockwise??? See if you can figure out this one a. d. Global winds and the CF 1. The earth’s atmosphere (northern hemisphere) is divided into three major global wind cells. Describe each wind cell (name of cell, location of wind cell) a. Hadley cell - lies between the equator and 30 latitude Deflected from the northeast to the southwest b. Farrell cell - less well-defined set of convective cells between 30 - 60 Air flows toward the north and is deflected to the right c. Polar cell - cold frigid air flowing from the poles toward the equator 2. How is the sun’s angle of insolation related to each global wind cell? a. The polar area is the coldest, the Equator is the hottest, cooler at angles 3. Which global wind cell is primarily responsible for the weather patterns across the USA? a. Global convection current 4. How are the three major global wind cells related to world history regarding the renaissance age? ----explorers traveling by sail across the oceans a. They relied on the winds formed by these processes 3. Weather and the CF a. Describe the rotation of an anticyclone and cyclone in the northern hemisphere

b. Describe the rotation of an anticyclone and cyclone in the southern hemisphere i. Cyclones + low pressure = bad weather ii. Anticyclones + high pressures = good weather 1. Why is the rotation of these cyclonic winds different in the northern and southern hemisphere? a. They are deflected differently c. Let’s put it all together! 1. Using adiabatic processes, why are anticyclones primarily responsible for good weather and cyclones primarily responsible for bad weather?? 2. Using adiabatic processes and global wind cells, explain why it’s typically warmer in 30 degree latitudes north and south of the equator. 3. Which direction do most storm tracks move across the USA --- Explain a. West to east 4. Today, as you answer questions about wind, atmospheric pressure, weather and what we feel in our atmosphere. Answer the following: 1. What is the barometric pressure in Bakersfield today? ii. 29.87 in barometer 1. Given your answer in question 1 ---- is it related to a high or low pressure system? 2. Given your answers in 1 and 2, what type of weather do you anticipate in Bakersfield today. iii. Low pressure = bad weather iv. High pressure = good weather 1. What is the dewpoint and relative humidity in Bakersfield today? v. Humidity - 13% vi. Dewpoint 46F (8C) 1. What does this data tell you about cloud formation in Bakersfield? Possible global wind essay questions 1. How does the Coriolis Force effect clouds, wind, and objects in our atmosphere? a. 2. How is weather affected by high and low pressure systems?

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Solar System Activity Sheet 125points As always, It’s all about relationships. As you prepare for the exam-3, review the content below and formulate relationships between relative planet size and distance, astronomical distance, evolving knowledge of our solar system, why we have seasons, planetary characteristics, and sun- earth-moon relationship. In many cases, don’t memorize, but explain in your own words and develop a picture in your mind regarding the solar system. Most importantly, as you learn the concept and relationship, be able to explain the concept using the proper terminology. Please make sure you take a look at the probable exam essay questions at the end of this activity sheet. It’s recommended that you view the solar system lecture in its entirety before answering questions. 1. Write down the order of planets and label the terrestrial and outer planets a. Terrestrial: Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury, pluto. OUTER : Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune b. Relationship Questions 1. Learn the planet's order backward and forwards a. Pluto, Neptune, Uranus, Jupiter, Mars, Earth, Venus, Mercury 2. Why do you think there is a distinct pattern that inner (terrestrial planets) are closer to the sun and outer planets (gaseous planets) are farther from the sun? a. The terrestrial planets formed close to the sun where temperatures were all suited for rock and metal condense 3. Which planet is the least dense and most dense? a. Earth is the most dense, Saturn is the least dense 4. If you constructed a map of our planets, would the distance between each planet be the same, Yes/No, Explain a. The distance between planets is never the same 2. Distinguish between the meaning of an astronomical unit compared to the value of a light year. a. Astronomical unit - Distance from the sun to earth 1 Astronomical unit = 93 million miles b. Light years are father than AU: 6 trillion miles c. Relationship Questions: 1. Which quantity (AU or light year) is used to describe distances within our solar system, Why? a. AU because light years is how fast light can travel in one year 2. If light travels 186,000 miles/second, how would you provide a verbal statement describing the speed of light? a. Light travels for that year at that rate of speed and we would say that it would move around six trillion miles 3. Given your answer in #2 above, how far does light travel in one year, hence 1-light year? a. 6 Trillion miles 4. Given your answer in #3, how many miles are 6.4 light years? a. 37.8 trillion miles 5. Is there any “energy” faster than light, Explain. a. No there are no known energy levels faster than light 3. Observe the slide show (in the lecture) that shows the relative sizes of our planets as well as other stars in our galaxy a. Relationship Questions:

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1. A person states,” how big is the earth compared to other solar system planets and starts”. Explain your answer a. Our planet is pretty small compared to the other planets in the solar system 2. After pondering the “real size of earth”, do you feel special? Explain. a. We’re the smallest, and the most intelligent planet as of right now, so yes 3. Which planet is the largest in our solar system --- Trivial, but know this a. SUN 4. Given the size of our sun, explain why catastrophes on Earth do not take place when there is a planetary alignment. 4. IMPORTANT! Understand the evolution of knowledge or our solar system. Know how each astronomer contributed to the knowledge of how we view the solar system today. a. Relationship Questions: 1. Write a brief description that describes each astronomer’s contribution to the knowledge of our solar system and show the time frame for each astronomer. a. Ptolomey i. Explain the geocentric model 1. All heavenly bodies move around the earth ii. Explain retrograde motion in the geocentric model iii. Our earth is in the centermost of our solar system. Retrograde motion is moving forward and backward b. Copernicus i. Explain the heliocentric model ii. Conclusion The Earth is another planet. Daily motions of the Earth can be explained by a rotating Earth. Developed the heliocentric model, the sun is in the center of Earth. Used circles as orbital paths for each planet iii. Explain retrograde motion in the heliocentric model 1. The closer the planet is to the sun, the faster it moves around c. Tyco Brahe i. Explain how pointers show stellar parallax and interstellar objects are large distances away 1. Stars in the background should be shifting every six months 2. The Stellar parallax concept “thumb demonstration” The closer the planets are to the sun the bigger the shift, the further out they are the less shift. d. Johannes Kepler i. Explain in detail each of Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion 1. Law of Ellipses: all planets follow elliptical orbit paths (not circular paths). The law of equal areas: the closer the planet is to the sun, the faster it “sweeps” around the sun. 2. The square of any planet's orbital period which is the sight cereal is proportional to the cube of its mean distance from the sun mathematical. One can calculate the distance of a planet from the sun. ii. How is Kepler’s first law different from Copernicus’s heliocentric mode

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1. both believe that the planets follow a pattern, but not an exact circle pattern iii. Why is Kepler known as the author of modern astronomy? 1. he discovered that the planets travel about the sun in elliptical orbits e. Galileo i. How does Galileo’s telescope compare to today's magnification of space? 1. Magnifies vision by a factor of 30 ii. Write down at least 4 discoveries of Galileo 1. Discovery of Jupiter’s moons (4) 2. The planets are “spheres,” not points of light 3. Discovery of phases of Venus - the second planet from the sun 4. Discovered that the sun had sun spots - leading to calculating the sun’s rotation f. Newton i. What would Newton explain to Kepler as to why planets behave to his 3 laws of planetary motion? 1. The force between any two objects is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them ii. Explain the gravitational theory and how this theory relates to both our solar system (planet positions) and interstellar bodies such as stars beyond our solar system. 1. Directly proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the distance between them. Gravity gets weaker as distance increases 5. Considering the contribution of knowledge to the solar system from the astronomers (in question 4 above) and in particular the range of years when this knowledge was shared, how does this knowledge and timeline relate to the steps and process of the scientific method? Explain A. More knowledge is gained and used from other contributors the faster and faster concepts are created The Reasons for the Seasons 6. What is the axial tilt of the earth and how does this tilt create the 4 seasons of the earth? a. 23.5 degrees b. Relationship Questions: 1. Draw a picture representing the earth’s period (1 year) around the sun showing the angle of insolation on the 23.5-degree tilted earth i. December 21 is the maximum isolation in the Northern Hemisphere because it has the least light. b. What day is the maximum insolation in the Northern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere, and equatorial zones? i. Cancer is located 23.5 degrees north of the equator.

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ii. South of the equator is the tropic of Capricorn c. Show on your picture the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn i. Explain why these latitudes occur 23.5 degrees north and south of the equator 1. the axial tilt of the earth d. Explain the seasonal changes using the following terms. Include these terms on your picture i. Summer solstice, Winter solstice, Vernal and Autumnal equinox 1. The summer solstice has more sunlight in the northern hemisphere, and the winter solstice has more sunlight in the southern hemisphere ii. Longest day/shortest day (northern hemisphere) 1. the longest day of sunshine on June 21 is 18 hours of sunlight in the northern hemisphere iii. Longest day/shortest day (southern hemisphere) 1. December 21 is the longest 18 hours of sunlight in the southern hemisphere and 6 hours of sunlight in the northern 7. What is the noon-time sun angle? a. the sun Is exactly 90 degrees or perpendicular above your head so if you were standing up you would look straight up at it b. Relationship Questions: 1. Where is the sun, degrees in the horizon, during the noon time sun angle? a. The sun is exactly 90 degrees or perpendicular above your head. 2. Explain how one would experience the noon-time sun angle on the horizon all year a. If a person was able to follow the noon time sun angle across the globe over the years 3. Is the noon time sun angle in Bakersfield 90 degrees on June 21st Yes/No, Explain your answer. In fact, what is the noon time sun angle in Bakersfield on June 21? a. We are 45 degrees latitude so we are above the twenty-three and a half degrees, therefore, the highest point at which the sun is going to be on the horizon in Bakersfield on June 21 is right around 78 degrees in the horizon 4. Explain why June 21 in the Northern Hemisphere is considered the longest day and December 21st the shortest day --- There still are 24 hours in a day i. The way the sun is tilted allows the sunlight to appear in one part 5. If you lived in Alaska how would daylight occur during the summer and winter months? a. Alaska gets six months of 24-hour sunlight and darkness. 6. Where is the noon time sun location on July 21 (not June 21)? If you get this correct, you understand the design behind seasons. a. The location on July 21 would be going a little south from the tropic of Cancer toward the equator 8. In the lecture, there is a series of slides that show pictures of planets and the various characteristics of each planet. Observe the planet pictures and understand the common differences between the terrestrial and gas planets. a. Relationship Questions: 1. Describe the common differences between terrestrial and gas planets

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a. Orbital speeds i. Terrestrial : Mercury: 88 Days, slow speed. Venus: 225 days, longer to get around sun-Earth: 365 days. Mars: 687 days Gas planets : Jupiter: 11.9 years to get around the sun Saturn: 29.5 years around the sun Uranus: 83 Years around the sun b. Types of atmospheres i. Terrestrial : Mercury: Doesn’t have an atmosphere. Venus: Thick Co2 Earth: O, N Mars: CO2 Gas Planets: Jupiter: Hydrogen, Helium Saturn: Hydrogen, helium, cold Uranus: Hydrogen, methane c. Size relationships i. Terrestrial: Mercury: Biggest Venus: Smaller Earth: smaller Mars: smallest Gas: Jupiter: Huge Saturn: Big Uranus: semi big d. Periods of planets around the sun i. Terrestrial: Mercury: 36 million miles from the sun Venus: 57 Million miles from the sun-Earth: 93 miles from the sun Mars: 141 million miles from the son. Gas: Jupiter: 483 million miles from the sun Saturn: 887 million miles from the sun Uranus: 1784 million miles from the sun 2. Why do you think the inner planets are smaller than the outer planets? a. Inner planets are much smaller that the outer planets and because of this have relatively low gravity and were not able to attract large amounts of gas 3. Why do you think the inner planets are placed closer to the sun and the outer planets away from the sun a. Heavier materials come inwards 4. Why do you think outer planets rotate faster than inner planets? a. outer planets rotate faster that inner planets because they’re lighter than the inner planets 5. In Earth years, would you be younger or older on Jupiter, Explain a. I am 20 years old, I would be 1.15 years old on Jupiter 6. In earth years, what planet would you be the oldest? And youngest? a. Neptune would be the oldest, and mercury would be the youngest 7. Given your answers in questions 5 and 6, why is the statement, “you are as old as you feel” relavent. a. There are different periods in your life when you feel better than other times The Earth’s moon and Moon Phases 9. Describe the physical differences between the earth’s moon and our planet earth (size, gravity, distance) a. Relationship Questions 1. What would happen the distances between the moon and earth if earth suddenly increased in size or decreased in size -- Explain a. Moving the moon closer to the earth will increase the gravitation exertion of the satellite onto our plane 2. Why would one weigh less on the moon than earth? a. Because the moon has 1/6 Earth's gravity 3. Why does the landscape on the moon remain pristine while landscapes on earth continually change?

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a. The moon lacks water, an atmosphere and tectonic activity, three forces that erode Earth’s surface and erase all but the most recent impacts 4. Does the earth show crater impact features? Why or why not a. Much of the earth's surface is recycled through plate tectonic activity and erosion, so the earth also has few craters 10. Draw a picture that depicts the moon's period around the earth showing the various phases or illuminated areas of the moon naming each phase. a. Relationship Questions: 1. Describe how each phase of the moon occurs using the concept of the earth rotating as well as the moon (Yes, the moon actually rotates) 7 Major phases in a period of 1 month. 1 orbital moon period= 29 days. Fast speed. Day 0- New Moon. Sunlight Day 4- Waxing crescent- The illumination of the moon is increasing. to show Day 7- First quarter-Half showing Day 10- Waxing Gibbous- resembles the shape of a lemon. Day 14- Full moon- Halfway around the earth, full moon phase. Sunlight is coming in. Day 18- Waning Gibbous- decreasing illumination. Day 22- Last Quarter phase Day 26- Waning Crescent phase- so the illumination is going away. 2. How many days the earth rotate before we observe a moon phase change? How many days the earth rotate to one rotation of the moon? a. 29 days to get around it once 3. Draw a picture showing a side by side view of a waxing and waning crescent phase moon that shows the illuminated and dark side of the moon. a. Given your diagram, how does one know if the moon is in its waxing or waning phase? i. the waxing phase it is increasing the illumination as opposed to the waning phase which losing the illumination b. Does your answer in 3a apply to other moon phases that are either waxing or waning? Explain i. Yes c. Now, go outside (when the moon is out) with a significant other and write the date and time you observed the moon phase and indicate if the moon is waxing or waning ---- how did you know? Tell your significant other and impress the heck out of them. 11. Eclipses of the moon represent the most fantastic display of interstellar geometry the world has ever seen. Draw a detailed diagram showing a solar and lunar type eclipse. This diagram should be as detailed as possible showing the following: umbra and penumbra, geometric arrangement of sun,earth and moon, casting shadows, and the correct moon phase to produce each type eclipses. a. Relationship Questions: 1. In a brief statement describe the difference between a solar and lunar eclipse. a. The moon covers up the sun and lasts less than a minute. The moon gets right in between the earth and the sun a total eclipse of the sun 2. Why do you think most solar eclipses occur in the ocean? 3. Describe a total solar eclipse -- make sure you apply the terminology

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a. A total solar eclipse is when the moon is completely covering the sun 4. Which type of eclipse last longer, Explain a. Solar eclipse 5. What phase must the moon be in for a solar and lunar eclipse? a. Full moon 6. What is a partial eclipse? a. A partial eclipse is when the moon is moving in the path of the sun 7. Why should you NEVER view an eclipse with an unaided eye? a. It will damage your eyes 8. Explain why we don’t experience solar and lunar eclipses every month --- they are not that common. a. Earth’s orbit around the sun in the same plane as the moon’s orbit around the Earth 9. Research and find out when the next (date and time) solar eclipse will occur in the United States. And finally, what has allowed scientists to understand and be able to predict the time and dates of not only eclipses but many solar system events ------ We live in a great time. a. April 8, 2024, Possible Essay Questions: 1. Describe the differences between a solar and Lunar eclipse a. A lunar eclipse is when the earth is casting the shadow on the moon and if you look at the geometry then that would make that work. The Penumbra represents the outer part of the shadow. The umbra is the darker part of the shadow. A Solar Eclipse is The moon covers up the sun, lasts less than a minute. The moon gets right in between the earth and the sun., a total eclipse of the sun. 2. How does the evolution of knowledge of our solar system relate to the scientific method? 3. Describe why the earth experiences seasons and do other planets in our solar system experience seasonal changes, Why or why not.

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activity sheets 7-11

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