EESA06_Module_answers_.docx

a. True b. False Module 2 1. If the siruface of the Earth is 0 degrees Celsius, approximately how hot is it 5 km below the surface? a. 0 degrees Celsius b. 125 degrees Celsius c. 1000 degrees Celsius d. 5 degrees Celsius 2. S waves travel faster than P waves a. True b. False 3. Anomalies in the gravitatioanl field are measured in what ? a. Pounds b. milliWatts per meter c. Meters per second d. Milligals 4. Which of the following layers is made out of mantle rock? a. Lithosphere b. The asthenosphere c. Oceanic crust d. Continental crust 5. Which layer of the earth is composed of an iron- nickel alloy? a. The core b. The mantle c. The asthenosphere d. The crust 6. What is the approximate thickness of continental crust? a. 10 km b. 670 km c. Up to about 120 km d. 1000 km 7. Seismic waves tend to travel more quickly through the lower natic than the upper mantle a. True b. False 8. Examine the Tectonic plates Globe: A triple junction is a place where three plate boundaries meet. Which of the following point is a triple junction? a. Point A b. Point B

b. Linear in a north-south general direction c. Linear in a east-west general direction 5. Using the panoramic image at Erte Ale, look around. What is the ridge surrounding you? a. The rim of an earlier crater in which a lava lake probably resided b. A fault c. A ring of tuff blown out during an earlier eruption 6. Using the small scale at the bottom of the Erte Ale mapview, approximately how far have some lava flows traveled? a. Many hundreds of kilometers b. Only several tens of meters c. Several kilometers 7. Which of the following is a term for sediment that accumulates where continental crust transitions to oceanic crust? a. A contiental wedge b. A continental shelf c. A delta plain 8. What is the likely composition is the bed rock that underlies the sediment in the Red Sea a. Basalt b. Salt c. granite 9. Iceland is being pulled apart in a north-south direction a. True b. False 10.Examine the mapview image of Thingvellir (iceland: an exposed mid cean ridge). As rivers enter the rift system they are often diverted to flow along the rift axis a. True b. False 11. If spreading in the afar triangle continues, it may one day reside below sea level a. True b. False 12. The area of flood basalt south of the Afar Depression sits at a lower elevation than the Afar Depression a. True b. False 13.Examine the Age of the Ocean Floor Interact - able globe: when did Greenland begin moving away from North America? a. 70-100 Ma b. 10-40 Ma c. 40-70 Ma

12. Examine the interact-able globe on the Pacific Ring of Fire Slide: the Tonga Subduction Zone is where the Pacific Plate meets the Australian Plate. How deep are the deepest earthquakes associated with the Tonga Subduction Zone? a. Between 33-77km b. Less than 33 km c. 500-800 km d. Between 150-300km 13.Examine the interact-able globe on the Pacific Ring of Fire Slide: find the plate boundary between the Juan de Fuca Plate (JF) and the North American Plate (NA). How deep are most of the Earthquakes along this boundary? a. Less than 33km b. 500-800km c. Between 150-300 km d. Between 300-500km 14.Examine the interact-able globe on the Pacific Ring of Fire Slide: find the plate boundary between the Pacific (PA) and North American (NA) plates at the Aleutian Islands. Towards the east end of this subduction zone, is this a … a. An oceanic-continental collision zone b. Continental- oceanic collision zone 15. Examine the interact-able globe on the Pacific Ring of Fire Slide: find the Mariana Subduction Zone at the boundary between the Pacific (PA0 and Philippine Plate (PH). which plate is being subducted? a. The pacific plate b. The Philipine Plate 16.Would you except a plate that was subducting at a steep angle to have… a. A narrower Benioff Zone b. A wider Benioff Zone 17. The east coast of North America is a passive margin and not a plate boundary. Would you characterize earthquake activity as… a. Active b. Rare 18.Andesitic volcanoes tend to be more explosive than basaltic volcanoes a. True b. False 19.Continental crust is destroyed at subduction zones a. True b. False 20.The safest place to be if near an erupting volcano is down in the valleys a. True b. False

c. McMaster hall 17. What Ontario museum lies on a fault? a. Spadina Museum b. Royal ontario museum c. The perth museum d. Science North 18. Gooderham and Worts Distillery is made of what rock type from kingston? a. Sandstone b. Limestone c. Granite 19.Where is a marble monument close to university of toronto, scarbrough (UTSC)? a. Guild Inn b. The metcalfe geoheritage park c. 48th highlanders monument 20.What Toronto building stone is very susceptible to damage by acid rain? a. Quarzite b. Lime stone c. Sandstone d. Granite 21.What commodity was primarily mined at Manitouwage following WWI? a. Cobalt b. Base metals c. Chormite d. Silver 22.What commodity is found in the ring of fire? a. Gold b. Nickel c. Clicomite d. Graphite 23.What mineral is iron found in at the Sir Jame mine near Wawa? a. Siderite b. Quartz c. Feldspar d. Cobalt 24.What rock type/feature are most minerels in the Canadian Shield associated with ? a. Gneissic belts b. Greenstone belts c. Carbonate platforms d. Layered igneous intrusions 25.Where do we find most of our industrial-quality feldspar?

Module 7 1. Which of the following units are NOT part of the Canadian Shield? a. The superior province b. The huronian supergroup c. The paleozoic cover strata d. The grenville province 2. Where can we find evidence that North America once tried to break apart? a. The penokean orogeny b. The winnipeg River sub-province c. The Nipigon Embayment d. The grenville orogeny 3. Where do we find rocks of the Huronian Supergroup today? a. North of Lake superior b. Along the North shore of the Georgian Bay c. South of Toronto d. West of james bay 4. Which of the following is another word for “province” (geologically)? a. Orogeny b. Terrance c. Unit d. Territory 5. Which of the following subprovinces of the Superior province are NOT granite- greenstone? a. Quetico b. Wawa c. Abitibi d. Wabigoon 6. Which type of belt probably originated as a volcanic arc similar to japan? a. Granite-greenstone belts b. Metasedimentary belts c. Orogenic belts d. Intermontane belts 7. What structure, if traced southeards under the Paleozoic cover, would track just east of Toronto? a. The GFTZ b. The mid continent right (MCR) c. The CMMBZ d. The abitibi belt 8. When did the glacial erosion that exposed the Canadian Shield begin?

True False The Grenville Orogeny occurred when Nena collided with Arctica Group of answer choices True False Which of the following Provinces is the oldest? Group of answer choices Frontenac Superior Grenville Southern What happened during the Kenoran Orogeny? The break up of the Superior Province Collision of the Wawa, Wabigoon and Quetico Subprovinces Subduction of the Wawa Subprovince Subduction of the Wabigoon Subprovince How old is the Gunflint Formation? Group of answer choices 1.88 Billion years 1.88 million years 2.7 billion years 2.7 million years What belt was generally subjected to higher depths, pressures, and temperatures? Group of answer choices

d. atolls 11. what environmental conditions do some of the oldest rocks in the Paleozoic Cover strata record? a. Desert like conditions b. Humid, tropical conditions c. Cold and wet conditions d. Glacial conditions 12. What was the latitude of Ontario for most of the Paleozoic? a. About 45 degrees (similar to today) b. Above the arctic circle c. Tropical d. Equatorial 13. What organism build stromatolite mounds? a. Trilobites b. Sponges c. Cyanobacteria d. Corals 14. Where were the Taconic mountains? a. Present day Baffin Island b. Along the Labrador coast c. Near the modern-day Rocky Mountains d. Near the modern-day Appalachians 15. What is the origin of muddy sediments of the Queenston and Whitby shales? a. Eroded from the Canadian shield b. Washed from the Taconic mountains c. From the disintegration of coral reefs d. Wind blown off of nearby desert plains 16. When was oil discovered in Petrolia? a. During WWII b. About 150 years ago c. About 100 years ago d. In 2002 17. Approximately how many oil and natural gas wells are currently in operation in Ontario? a. 1200 b. 500 c. 18 d. 2000 18. Why were there so many failed rifts about 200 million years ago in Ontario? a. North America was under compression due to the formation of Pangea b. North America was under tension due to the breakup of Pangea c. North America was under extension due to the opening of the pacific ocean d. North America was under extension due to the subsidence of the

Grenville mountains 19. Where do Diamonds in Ontario come from? a. from volcanic eruptions of magma sourced from the mantle b. from volcanic eruptions above subduction zones c. from the base of continent- continent collision zones 1. Which of the following stratigraphic units underlies Windsor Ontario? - Dundee Formation 2. What units are exposed directly beneath the Lockport Dolostone in the Niagara Gorge? - The Clinton and Cataract Groups 3. Which of the following Paleozoic formations is known for having many fish fossils? - The Bertie Formation 4. Limestone typically forms in shallow water relative to shale - True 5. Rocks generally get younger from North to South on the Saint Lawerence Platform -True 6. Layering in sedimentary rock is caused by changing environmental conditions - True 7. Paleozoic rocks on the Saint Lawrence Platform are tilted gently to the north. - False 8. Brent, Holleford, and Slate Islands all contain evidence for what catastrophic process? - Meteorite Impact 9. Which rocks units would you expect to see in the Niagara Escarpment? - All other options are correct 10. What process has created the Monteregian Hills? - Igneous Intrusions 11 Highstanding areas of the Canadian Shield became what in the Paleozoic Sea? - Islands 12 What environmental conditions do some of the oldest rocks in the Paleozoic Cover Strata record? - Desert-like conditions 13. What were the waters of the Michigan Basin like? - Highly Saline 14. What was the latitude of Ontario for most of the Paleozoic? - Equatorial 15. Why are there ash layers in Ordovician sediments in Ontario? - Volcanic eruptions related to the collision of Baltica 16. Why did many coral reefs die in the Ordovician? - They were smothered by sediment 17. Why is “Petrolia” famous - The first oil well in the world 18. What was used before oil was pumped from rocks? - Whale oil 19. Why were there so many failed rifts about 200 million years ago in Ontario? - North America was under tension due to the breakup of Pangea 20. What is “fault gouge” - Clay formed by rocks crushed along a fault plane What is the 'caprock' of Niagara Falls? Group of answer choices The Cataract and Clinton Groups The Lockport Dolostone

The Queenston Shale The Onondaga Formation Paleozoic sea levels were quite stable and did not undergo significant fluctuations Group of answer choices True False What is the name of the ocean that flooded Ontario 500 million years ago? Group of answer choices Panthalassa Iapetus Pacific MODULE 9 1. What was the ice thickness at Windsor Ontario during the Wisconsin Glaciation? a. 800m b. 1km c. 2km d. 1.5 km 2. What orbital cycle causes changes in insolation at a frequency of 100,000 years? a. Changes in the orientation of the axis of rotation b. Changes in the magnitude of the angle of tilt c. Deviations in the circularity of the orbit d. Changes in the rate of Earth’s spin 3. What is obliquity? a. Changes in the magnitude of the angle tilt 4. When did the Sangamon interglacial period end? a. 80,000 years ago b. 135 000 years ago c. 2.5 million years ago d. 12,000 years ago 5. When was ice last in southern Ontario (approx.) a. 13,000 years ago b. 21,000 years ago c. 17,000 years ago d. 300 years ago

6. When was the little ice age (approx.) a. 8200 years ago b. 300 years ago c. 13 000 years ago d. 20000 years ago 7. A bare hill made by glacial erosion is called an alvar a. True b. False 8. Recessional moraines form before (earlier than) terminal moraines a. True b. False 9. Ravines such as the one shown in the Ravines of Toronto slide were formed by very fast flowing ice flowing into Lake Ontario a. True b. False 10. How and when did many of Toronto’s ravines form? a. During ice retreat about 12000 years ago when glacial lake Iroquois drained suddenly b. By human excavation of irrigation channels in the 1800’s c. By powerful subglacial meltwater channels eroding into the soft substrate 18000 years ago d. By river. Flow during the last interglacial 80 000 years ago when climate was much warmer and wetter 11. In which of the following regions would you expect the thickest sediment cover over bedrock? a. The Oak ridges moraine b. Manitoulin island c. Dummer moraine d. The bruce peninsula 12. What force carves out deep channels and potholes? a. ice laden with sediment b. Adiabatic winds blown off the cold ice c. Pressurized subglacial meltwater laden with sediment d. Proglacial outwash rivers 13. What is an ice stream? a. A river flowing one the surface of a glacier b. An outburst flood of subglacial waters c. A corridor of fast flowing ice d. A frozen river 14. Crossing striations is evidence for what? a. Reversal ice flow direction b. Changes in ice flow direction c. Erosion by glacial outwash channels d. Different sizes and shapes of subglacial debris

15. Why are “Leda Clays” difficult to build on? a. They are very prone to collapse b. They are particularly porous and transport contaminants easily c. They contain many large boulders and are difficult to dig through d. The sediments are particularly inudated 16. Where was glacial lake Iroquois? a. On present day Lake Ontario b. On present day Lake Huron c. Filling the Ottawa Embayment d. On present day Lake Timiskaming 17. What rock type is most strongly affected by chemical weathering? a. Limestone b. Sandstone c. State d. Granite 18. Where are most Alvars in Ontario? a. On the northern edge of the Paleozoic cover strata b. On top of the Niagara Escarpment c. Along the shorelines of ancient lakes d. Atop the Oak Ridges Moraine Module 3: The Pleistocene Glaciation Q. What was the ice thickness at Calgary during the Wisconsin Glaciation? A. 1.2 km Q. Recessional moraines from before (earlier than) terminal moraines? A. False Q. When was the Little Ice Age (approximately)? A. 300 years ago Q. What was the ice thickness at Toronto during the Wisconsin Glaciation? A. 1 km Q. What is precession? A. Changes in the orientation of the axis of rotation Q. What is the name of the ice lobe that once filled Lake Ontario? A. The Ontario Lobe Q. A lake that forms by water getting trapped against an ice margin is a proglacial lake A. True Q. During glacial periods, the oxygen 18 concentration in the shells deep sea foraminifera is ...? A. high Q. The Oak Ridges Moraine was formed between which two ice lobes? A. The Ontario and Simcoe lobes

Q. At what rate (approximately) is Southern Ontario rebounding today? A. 3 mm/year Q. The waterway that connected the Georgian Bay to Lake Ontario prior to the glaciations was called the Laurentian Channel A. True Q. What was the ice thickness at James Bay during the Wisconsin Glaciation? A. 2.5 km Q. What orbital cycle causes changes in insolation at a frequency of 41,000 years? A. Changes in the magnitude of the angle of tilt Q. Which term describes a landform made when an ice sheet stalls while melting? A. Recessional Moraine Q. When did the Sangamon Interglacial period end? A. About 80,000 years ago Q. An esker is a lake that forms in a depression under a block of ice that has detached from the ice margin A. False Q. Approximately how many glaciation has there been over the last 2 million years? A. 50 Q. During a glacial maximum, ice can commonly reach thickness of several tens of kilometres A. False Q. How did forests change between the last interglacial-glacial transition? A. Deciduous to Coniferous Q. What was the ice thickness at Windsor Ontario during the Wisconsin Glaciation? A. 800m Q. Which term describes a sediment ridge formed at the terminous of a glacier? A. Terminal Moraine Q. Which of the following regions was never glaciated? A. Most of Alaska Q. Evidence for environmental conditions during hte last interglacial period can be found in the Don Formation A. True Q. Where might you expect to find a proglacial lake? A. In a depression directly adjacent an ice margin

Q. During glacial periods, the oxygen 18 concentration of water in ice3 sheets is... A. low Q. What landform is evidence for ongoing glacial rebound? A. Raised Beaches Q. What water bodies did the Laurentian Channel connect? A. Georgian Bay and Lake Ontario Q. The Pleistocene Epoch started some 20 million years ago. A. False Q. What orbital cycle causes changes in isolation at a frequency of 23,000 years? A. Changes in the orientation of the axis of rotation Q. What is the name of the ice lobe that once covered Lake Simcoe? A. The Simcoe Lobe Q. An outwash plain is formed by rivers washing out form an ice sheet. A. True Q. Approximately how long did the last interglacial period last? A. 60 thousand years Q. What is the name of the ice lobe that once covered the Georgian Bay? A. The Georgian Bay Lobe Q. Prior to the glaciations, North America was largely drained through Hudson's Bay. A. True Q. What is Eccentricity? A. Deviations in the circularity of the orbit Q. How much warmer was the Sangamon Interglacial than present? A. About 2 degrees C Q. Weathering of rocks following mountain building result in lowering Carbon dioxide levels. A. True Q. When was ice last in southern ontario (approximately)? A. 13,000 years ago Q. What will you see on the Cup and Saucer Trail? A. Rock Drumlins Q. What is an ice stream? A. A corridor of fast-flowing ice Q. What would you call a large isolated boulder transported by a glacier? A. An erratic Q. What is the LGM?

A. the last Glacial Maximum Q. How does glacial sediment change as it is carried away from its source as glacial till? A. it is ground up into finer sediment Q. What will you see on the seaton trail A. Bluffs made out of till Q. What force carves out deep channels and potholes? A. Pressurized subglacial meltwater laden with sediment Q. Which of the following landforms is not created by glacial erosion? A. Eskers Q. From where does the term “Till” originate? A. Scottish, Stoney Ground Q. Why was the Dummer Moraine difficult to farm? A. The soil was very rocky and bouldery Q. The peterborough Drumlin field sits in what? A. A faulted depression once filled with a lake Q. Which of the following can give us information about ice flow direction? A. All answers are correct Q. Crossing striations is evidence for what? A. Changes in ice flow direction Q. What is flow switching? A. Changes in the directionality of ice flow Q. What is a “whaleback” A. A smoothed and streamlined bedrock knoob Q. In which of the following regions would you expect the thickest sediment cover over bedrock A. The Oak Ridges Moraine Q. Elongated grooves cut through bedrock is evidence for what? A. Fast flowing ice Q. Why is there so much carbonate rock in central Ontario Tills? A. The local bedrock was quarried by ice Q. The readvance of the Ontario Lobe in a northwestward direction 13,000 years is an example of what? A. Flow Switching Q. Why are Leda clays difficult to build on? A. They are very prone to collapse

Q. Where was glacial lake Iroquois? A. On present day Lake Ontario Q. Near what modern waterway was the Champlain Sea located? A. The ST. Laurence valley Q. What sediment is often deposited along the shorelines of glacial lakes? A. Sands and gravels Q. What term describes sediments that have been squeezed into ridges by ice? A. Glaciotectonized Q. Where was glacial lake Algonquin? A. On present day Lake Huron Q. How and when did many of Toronto’s ravines form? Module 3: The Pleistocene Glaciation Question bank: Please upload your Question and Answer Word by Word. (Don’t write the overlapping ones) A. During ice retreat about 12000 years ago when glacial lake Iroquois drained Q. Escarpments along the Bruce peninsula have largely been cut by what? A. Undercutting by waves Q. What are “joints” A. Regular fractures in bedrock Q. What rock type is most strongly affected by chemical weathering? A. Limestone Q. Where are you most likely to find a fissure cave? A. Along the Niagara Escarpment Q. What ecosystem do Alvars most closely resemble? A. A prairie ecosystem Q. Where are most Alvars in Ontario? A. On the northern edge of the Paleozoic cover strata Q. Landslides like the one above often happen in places where the sediment A. Glacial lake and glaciomarine clayey sediments Q. Megalineated terrain such as that shown above forms where ice is flowing A. False Q. When glaciers retreat, the ice flows backwards A. False Q. Interglacial periods’ are cold periods where ice worldwide advances A.

FALSE Q. Raised beaches (shown above) were formed near shore and lifted to their present position by glacial isostatic rebound A. True Q. What are these scratches produced by glacial ice scraping across bedrock? A. Striations Q. Scratches made in the bedrock by debris at the base of an ice sheet A. False Q. During a glaciation, sea level worldwide... A. Lowers Q. A large boulder moved by ice(shown above) is called an ‘erratic’ A. True Q. Global cooling began with the onset of Milankovitch cycles at the start of the Quarternary A. False Q. Sangamon cycles are orbital cycles that controlled the timing of glaciation in the northern hemisphere over the past 2 million years. A. False Q. The sediment above is likely to have formed... A. As till moving under ice sheet Q. What are the numerous landforms visible in this topographic image? A. Drumlins Q. Alvars such as that shown above, are most common where glacial sediment A. True Q. The land surface in Northern ontario and Hudson's bay are currently being pushed downwards by isostatic rebound A. False Q. This bouldery field (shown above) is typical of the landscape of the... A. Dummer Moraine Q. Ravines such as the one shown above were formed by very fast flowing ice... A. False Q. The rounded hill shown in the photo above is likely to be... A. A drumlin Q. Why are Milankovitch cycles important A. Because they control the timing of Pleistocene Glaciations

Q. Where in Canada is the land surface subsiding? A. Southern Prairies Q. Where on North America did Laurentide Ice persist the longest? A. On Baffin Island Q. What geologic boundary underlies the Dummer Morraine A. The great unconformity Q. How can a drumlin tell us about ice flow direction? A. Ice flows parallel the drumlin from the wide end to the narrow end Q. Which term describes a sinuous ridge of sediment formed by subglacial rivers? A. Esker Q. What causes karst topography? A. Dissolution of calcium carbonate in limestone Q. Last Glacial Maximum Question? FULL QUESTION? A. 13,000 years Q. What is Obliquity? A. Changes in the magnitude of the angle of tilt Q. Where would you go to see the process of cambering? A. Niagara Escarpment MODULE 10 1. What is the large yellow region north of Victoria Park Ave, and Kingstone Road on the First Geological Map of Toronto? a. A lake Iroquois sandspit or island b. A ravine cut through Iroquois sediment c. An embayment of Glacial Lake Iroquois 2. Deep ravines in the Toronto area ( east of the current downtown area) were curved by a. Flowing rivers eroding into soft sediment when Glacial Lake Iroquois was draining b. Wave action when Glacial Lake Iroquois has a rising lake level c. Anthropogenic excavation during the development of Toronto 3. Hyde Park Landfill is a. A large chemical waste site which is smaller than the notorious chemical waste site at Low canal. b. A large chemical waste site even larger than the one at Love canal c. A large park in central London

4. Cootes paradise is known for its a. Pristine environmental conditions b. Loss of wetland and environmental degradation due to anthropogenic activities 5. Imagine you are walking north from toronto’s downtown core ( north of Toronto Harbour on the first geological map of Toronto), how will you know that you have walked passed the shoreline of Glacial lake Iroquois a. You would have walked up a noticeable risk in topography b. You would have walked down a noticeable slope c. There is no way to know since the shoreline is buried 6. Examine the topographic contours on the first geological map of Toronto, which of the following is true ? a. Lake Iroquois sediment ( yellow stippling ) forms a flat plain b. Halton till sediment forms a flat plain 7. The re-purposing of Niagara Falls for hydroelectric power generation has led to a. Increased erosion b. A reduction in the retreat rate of the falls c. Increased water flow over the falls 8. Examine the channels through Toronto islands on the first geological map of Toronto. Why do you suppose these were built? a. To facilitate shipping routes into the protected Toronto Harbour b. To mitigate flooding of Toronto Harbour c. To produce hydroelectric power 9. Canals such as the Chippewa Queenstone Canal provide drinking water to the greater Toronto area a. True b. False 10. Low oxygen conditions observed in Frenchmen’s bay during the summer can be attributed to a. Salty runoff entering the bay during the winter due to watershed hardening b. A lack of runoff entering the bay due to watershed hardening c. A lack of runoff entering the lay due to the preservation of significant green space around the bay