Dees_J_Volcanoes_Week2Project

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University of Maryland, University College *

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100

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Geology

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Apr 3, 2024

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docx

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GEOL 100 – Physical Geology - Week 2 – Authentic Project – Volcanoes (100 points) I. Knowledge Foundations: Volcanoes a. Answer the following questions. Cite all your sources in full APA citation format. i. Discuss the ways in which volcanism is a constructive process from a geological perspective. Volcanism is a constructive process of creating new land formations. Materials produced during this process can also fertilize soil used for farming. ii. State where most volcanic hotspots are located Most volcanic hotspots are located around the Pacific Ocean also known as the Ring of Fire. iii. Describe the four basic types of volcanoes: a. Cinder cones b. Composite volcanoes c. Shield volcanoes d. lava domes b. Citations for Part I USGS. (n.d.). What are some benefits of volcanic eruptions? | U.S. Geological Survey. Www.usgs.gov. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are-some-benefits-volcanic- eruptions#:~:text=Volcanic%20materials%20ultimately%20break%20down Volcano | National Geographic Society . (n.d.). Education.nationalgeographic.org. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/resource-library-volcano/ Watson, J. (2011, January 3). Volcanoes: Principal Types of Volcanoes . Pubs.usgs.gov. https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/types.html#:~:text=Geologists%20generally%20group %20volcanoes%20into
II. Research: Mineral a. Name of the volcano: Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai b. Specific geographic location of the volcano: Kingdom of Tonga in the Pacific Ocean c. Type of volcano (cinder cone, stratovolcano/composite volcano, shield volcano): i. Stratovolcano/composite Volcano, Caldera, Submarine d. Size of the volcano: 20 km in diameter. e. Duration of specified eruption: 20 Dec 2021 – 15 Jan 2022 f. Fully describe the material (and its composition) that comprises the volcano: The volcano is comprised of various volcanic rocks and elements. The volcano also carried a caldera and submarine characteristics due to it forming underwater and connecting two islands to form one after the eruption forming two smaller islands. g. Fully describe the eruption: A sub-aerial eruption that began at 0420 on 14 January generated a mushroom- shaped eruption plume consisting of gas and steam and ash which was 5 km wide at the base and rose to the stratosphere, 18-20 km altitude. Geologists on a boat observed Surtseyan pulses ejecting dark, dense material into the air and pyroclastic flows expanding over the ocean around 1700-1830. h. Is this volcano located on a tectonic plate boundary? If so, between which plates? Tonga’s islands formed as the Pacific tectonic plate slid underneath the Australian plate i. Give a brief timeline for this volcano. i. How old is it? 111 yrs. after the first discovery in 1912 ii. When did it first erupt? Apr 29, 1912 iii. Is it still active? According to the Smithsonian Institution, this volcano is still active
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