bree_hernandez_chapter_9 (2)
docx
keyboard_arrow_up
School
Metropolitan Community College, Kansas City *
*We aren’t endorsed by this school
Course
101
Subject
Geology
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
docx
Pages
2
Uploaded by ColonelStarKookabura14
Crustal Deformation and Earthquakes Assignment
1.
How is brittle deformation different from ductile deformation?
Brittle deformation is where rock fractures once its strength is surpassed, while ductile deformation is
where a rock's size and shape changes without fracturing. Brittle deformation generally is near the
surface where there is less pressure and heat, while ductile deformation happens deep beneath the
surface where heat and pressure is high.
2.
Distinguish between anticlines and synclines, domes and basins, anticlines and domes.
Folded rock layers in anticlines arch upward, whereas folded rock layers in synclines arch downward.
Folded rock layers in domes upwarp, whereas folded rock layers in basins downwarp.
Anticlines have hingelines, whereas domes are roughly circular when viewed from above.
3.
Contrast the movements that occur along normal and reverse faults.
What type of stress is indicated
by each fault?
At a normal fault, tensional stress causes the hanging wall block to move downward with respect to the
footwall block. At a reverse fault, compressional stress causes the hanging wall block to move upward
with respect to the footwall block.
4.
What is an earthquake?
Under what circumstances do earthquakes occur?
An earthquake is ground shaking caused by sudden and rapid movement along Earth fractures called
faults. Most large earthquakes occur when there are huge amounts of stored energy in the rocks that
suddenly are released.
5.
Explain what is meant by elastic rebound.
Elastic rebound refers to how the slippage along a fault (i.e., earthquake) allows the deformed rock to
regain its original shape in a new location.
6.
List the major differences between P, S, and surface waves.
P waves are body waves that travel through materials compressionally, like a spring.
S waves are shaking waves that oscillate at right angles to the wave motion.
P waves travel about 1.7 times faster than S waves.
Surface waves are the slowest wave type and can cause the surface of the Earth to shake laterally or
vertical.
7.
Briefly describe the triangulation method used to determine the epicenter of an earthquake.
On a map, a circle is drawn around each of three recording stations, with the radius being the distance
from the station to the epicenter of the earthquake. The epicenter is located where the three circles
intersect.
8.
What information does the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale provide about an earthquake?
The Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) estimates the shaking intensity from an earthquake at a specific
location by considering its effects on people, objects, and buildings.
9.
Name the zone in which most strong earthquakes occur.
Why do so many strong earthquakes occur
here?
Name another major concentration of strong earthquake activity and explain why
earthquakes occur here.
Most strong earthquakes occur in the ‘Ring of Fire’ a.k.a. in the Circum-Pacific Belt: coastal regions of
Chile, Central America, Indonesia, Japan, and Alaska, including the Aleutian Islands. Many strong
earthquakes occur here because this where the Pacific plate is being subducted beneath the surrounding
plates.
Another major concentration of strong earthquake activity is in the Alpine-Himalayan Belt most
earthquakes occur here due to frequent avalanches
10.
List four factors that affect the amount of destruction caused by seismic vibrations.
List three other
types of destruction associated with earthquakes.
Four factors that affect the amount of destruction caused by seismic vibrations are the nature of the
ground underneath human-made structures, the intensity of the vibrations, the duration of the
vibrations, and the nature of the building processes and construction processes used. Three other types
of destruction associated with earthquakes are landslides and ground subsidence, fires, and tsunamis.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help