Study Guide for Exam 2
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School
Northern Virginia Community College *
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Course
106
Subject
Geology
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
docx
Pages
3
Uploaded by BailiffStar17903
How is strata different from stratigraphy?
Which type(s) of rock most commonly form strata? Can igneous rock form in layers? How?
Interpret the following statement: "The data is in the strata."
What is the “craton”?
Which type of rock(s) typically form the “basement” rock of the craton?
What are facies?
Review the following video as many times as it takes until you fully understand the concepts.
Facies video
The following are the lateral progression of facies in a siliciclastic environment.
Terrestrial → Shoreline → Nearshore → Offshore
Gravel → Coarse sand → Fine Sand → Silt → Clay
Conglomerate (Cg) → Coarse sandstone (Css) → Fine Sandstone (Fss) →
Siltstone (Ss) → Shale (Sh)
The following are the lateral progression of facies in a mixed siliciclastic/carbonate environment.
Terrestrial → Shoreline → Nearshore → Offshore → Open Shelf
Gravel → Coarse sand → Fine Sand → Silt → Clay → Lime mud
Conglomerate → Coarse sandstone → Fine Sandstone → Siltstone → Shale →
Limestone (Ls)
What is Walther’s Principle?
What does a lithofacies map display?
What is a rock
formation
?
What is a
lithostratigraphic unit?
What is a geologic
contact
between sedimentary strata?
What is an epicontinental sea? What environmental conditions lead to the formation of
epicontinental seas?
What is a foreland basin?
Marine
Important to note that not all of these layers need to be present to indicate
transgression:
Ls
Sh
Ss
Fss
Css
Cg
a transgression or regression. The following sequences would also be
recognized as a marine transgression:
Limestone
Shale
Shale
Sandstone
Sandstone
Conglomerate
The important characteristic to note is that the sediments become
finer
in
the vertical sequence (bottom to top) in a transgression. This is a
fining
upward sequence
.
Marine
regression:
Cg
Css
Fss
Ss
Sh
Ls
Important to note that not all of these layers need to be present to indicate
a transgression or regression. The following sequences would also be
recognized as a marine regression:
Sandstone
Conglomerate
Shale
Sandstone
Limestone
Shale
The important characteristic to note is that the sediments become
coarser
in the vertical sequence (bottom to top) in a regression.
This is a
coarsening upward sequence.
What does the color or sedimentary rocks tell us about the environment of deposition? (Low
oxygen = darker color; red/yellow/orange = high oxygen and oxidation of iron)
What is an unconformity? Know the different types of unconformities and how we recognize
them. (Angular unconformity; nonconformity; disconformity).
Review the principles of relative dating: superposition, lateral continuity, horizontality, cross-
cutting, inclusions, faunal succession
What is
the fossil record
? How is it related to
the rock record
?
Be able to recognize and identify the different types of fossilization.
What is an index fossil?
What is the geologic range of a given organism?
What is a fossil assemblage?
Evolution vocabulary and concepts:
Darwin and Wallace
Natural selection
Genetic mutations (and how they occur)
Artificial selection
Adaptation
What defines a species?
Speciation
Descent with Modification
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