Chapter 5 Quiz

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Miami Dade College, Kendall *

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Geology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Question 1 In the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, much of the damage was due to fires because ________. electric power lines fell and caused sparks that started fires the shaking caused gas lines to rupture everywhere and these ignited to cause huge fire storms in the city a cow kicked over a lantern in a barn and started the fires water lines were badly damage so that firemen could not put out the fires Question 2 Large megathrust earthquakes in the mountainous regions flanking the Mediterranean sea are generally due to ________. the collision of the Indian Plate with Eurasia the collision of the African Plate with Southeast Asia the collision of the Indian Plate with Southeast Asia the collision of the African Plate with Eurasia Question 3 When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source. The source is also referred to as the ________. focus inertial point seismic zone epicenter Question 4 The next large earthquake on the San Andreas Fault zone in California is considered likely to be ________. in San Francisco because large earthquakes there are thought to occur every 75 years and the last large earthquake was in 1906 in northern California because the last major earthquake was in central California and the plate boundary is moving the stress to the northwest. in Southern California because it has been nearly 300 years since the last major earthquake in that area All of the fault system is considered equally likely because the plate motion is uniform and all

areas are affected equally. Question 5 ________ is the maximum possible damage designation on the Mercalli scale. 10 XII 3 X Question 6 Faults are "locked" because ________. elastic rebound occurs on faults otherwise they would have earthquakes all the time earthquakes only form when the rocks are free to move high confining pressure increases friction on the fault major faults occur at plate boundaries that only move occasionally Question 7 In the open ocean, Tsunamis travel at about the same speed as a commercial airliner. True False Question 8 The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the ________. duration of the earthquake intensity of the earthquake arrival time of P and S waves amplitude of the largest seismic wave

Question 9 A tsunami can occur ________. when an earthquake occurs along a coastline like in Japan or Indonesia when an earthquake occurs in the seafloor like along an oceanic plate boundary when an explosive volcanic eruption occurs in someplace like Hawaii or Alaska any time there is an earthquake anywhere All of these are correct. Question 10 On a typical seismogram, ________ will show the highest amplitudes. body waves P waves S waves surface waves Question 11 The Richter earthquake magnitude scale is based on the energy released by the earthquake. True False Question 12 Modern seismographs rely on ________ to record the ground motion from an earthquake. density buoyancy inertia mass

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Question 13 The 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan killed approximately 21,000 people while the 2010 earthquake in Haiti killed approximately 316,000 people because ________. the earthquake in Haiti was a larger magnitude (released more energy) than the one in Japan the earthquake in Haiti generated a very large tsunami that killed most of the people the construction methods in Haiti were not as good as those used in Japan the population of Haiti was much greater than that of northern Japan where the earthquake occurred All of these were factors. Question 14 During the earliest history of the earth, ________ . the earth was cold and lacked any source of heat. the temperature increased so that iron and nickel melted almost all of the material was radioactive, and it decayed to the compositions we have today. the earth did not have any radioactive material Question 15 Earthquake prediction is ________. possible for short times before some earthquakes based on things like animal behavior, but the U.S. does not make use of this method. generally good if you live in an area along a plate boundary because we know how fast the plates are moving and can measure the stress accumulation not possible somewhat good for very long term statistical analyses based on ideas like mapping seismic gaps Question 16 Short term earthquake prediction research has focused on ________. measuring vertical changes in elevation along faults to determine whether a fault zone is inflating before a major rupture looking for precursors such as changes in topography, animal behavior, foreshocks, radon emission, etc that might signal an imminent earthquake

looking at when and where earthquakes have occurred in the past to develop a model for the timing of future earthquakes measuring the rate of motion on various faults and the strength of the rocks along the faults to determine when the stress buildup will exceed the strength of the rocks Question 17 Aftershocks occur because ________. the area surrounding a region that experienced a large earthquake needs time to adjust to the displacements on the main fault seismic energy continues to build up for a period of time after a major earthquake there are always small earthquakes on major faults, but we do not notice them until there is a large event that makes us aware of them the day after a large earthquake there are tidal forces that continue to create additional earthquakes Question 18 Which of the following is not a significant factor contributing to the damage caused by an earthquake? the types of ground materials that are built on in the region the duration of the vibrations the proximity to a plate boundary the construction techniques and materials used in the region Question 19 Felt earthquakes usually last for ________. 1 to 10 seconds 10 to 60 seconds 1 to 10 minutes less than 1 second (they are instantaneous) Question 20 The ocean ridge systems that make up the major divergent plate boundaries are a source of frequent large earthquakes and tsunamis. True

False Question 21 Oceanic crust is composed primarily of ________. sandstone granite basalt andesite Question 22 In elastic rebound theory, what must occur to produce an earthquake? The ground needs to absorb enough water to lubricate the surface of the fault. Rocks must break in order to produce slip on a fault. Enough stress must build up over time on a fault to overcome friction. Tidal forces need to be at a maximum to increase the energy applied to the fault. Question 23 The epicenter of an earthquake is on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus. True False Question 24 P waves ________. propagate only in solids are faster than S waves and surface waves have higher amplitudes than do S waves produce the strongest ground shaking

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Question 25 Earthquakes result from the sudden release of elastic energy previously stored in rocks surrounding a zone of fault movement. True False

Chapter 5 Quiz

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