QEOL FINAL
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School
Louisiana State University *
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Course
1601
Subject
Geology
Date
Feb 20, 2024
Type
docx
Pages
14
Uploaded by MinisterWorldKouprey35
Chapter 1
One thousand years ago = 1ka
One million years ago = 1Ma
One billion years ago= 1Ga
Big Bang: 13.8*10^9 years ago = 13.8 Ga = 13.8 billion years ago
Types of Heat
The three forces of Nature : Gravity(needed for convection) Electro-magnetic forces(transmits radiation from the Sun to the Earth) Nuclear Forces(Generate energy in the Sun)
Fission vs Fusion
Our Planet compose:
-Biosphere
-Hydrosphere/Cryosphere
-Rock layers(geosphere)
The connections between rocks layer and the atmosphere and the hydrosphere:
Weathering and Erosion
The compositions of the atmosphere:
The compositions of the Earth:
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Magnetic pole:
Chapter 2
Which force create earthquakes and volcanoes
?
Gravity
Compositional subdivisions of the earth:
Crust, Mantle
Mechanical subdivisions of the upper earth:
Rigid(lithosphere), Ductile(asthenosphere)
Plate tectonics
-Harry Hess WWII led to the plate tectonics revolution in 1960
Continental Drift
-proposed in 1915 by Alfred Wegner
-drifting sheets of ice
-rock similarities between continents
-ecosystem similarities between continents
Which of the following theories best explains the cause of movement of continents across the earth’s surface:
Plate tectonics
Three types of plate boundaries
-Divergent
-Convergent
-Transform
Tectonic Plate movement is caused by:
-Ridge Pull and Trench Push
-Ridge Push and Trench Pull
-Slabduction forces
-Convection currents
Chapter 3
Mineral definition:
-naturally occurring
-solid
-crystalline
-generally inorganic
-with a definite chemical composition
Which force keeps minerals together?
Electromagnetism
What type of bond hold salt crystals together?
Electromagnetism
Is cane sugar a mineral?
False
Chapter 4
Which factors allow solid ice to turn into a liquid?
Only A and B because the P-T plot does not support the case for C
Decompression Melting:
-P decreases, but T remains constant
-Divergent
Flux Melting:
-Volatiles help break chemical bonds -Melting at unusually high temperature
-Subduction
According to the Bowen’s reaction series, which statement is most correct?
With decreasing temperature, melts become more felsic
The _____________ content of a melt determines a melt’s viscosity and, ultimately, the name given to a particular melt. A. iron B. oxygen C. silica
D. gas
Batholith
A batholith is a group of plutons that covers a large area
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Which of the following is the best option for describing the physical properties that are most commonly used in basic mineral identification? a. Color b. Hardness c. Specific gravity d. All of the options are correct. (d)
A ________ is a single, continuous (uninterrupted) piece of a mineral, typically bounded by flat surfaces that grow naturally as the mineral forms. a. Mineral b. Glass c. Volcanic rock d. Crystal(d)
_______________is the record of the Earth’s magnetic field in the past, is a proof of both continental drift and seafloor spreading. a. Magnetic anomaly b. Reversed polarity c. Polar-wander path d. Paleopole e. Paleomagnetism(e)
What is PLATE? Select one: a. They are relatively rigid b. They are part of the Earth's
lithosphere c. Slowly move relative to each other. d. All of the options are correct(d)
What are Wegener’s Evidence for Continental Drift? Select one: a. Matching geologic
units b. The fit of the continents and locations of past glaciations c. The distribution of the climate belts and fossils d. All of the options are correct(d)
A volcanic arc is associated with subduction Select one: a. of a mid-ocean ridge. b. at a rift zone. c. at an ocean-continental convergent plate boundary. d. at an ocean-
ocean convergent plate boundary.(c)
______ is a naturally occuring inorganic substance with solid, crystalline material, formed by geologic processes, that has a definable chemical composition. Select one: a. Sediment b. Rock c. Magma d. Mineral(d)
Who proposed the theory of continental drift? Select one: a. Harry Hess b. Alfred Wegener c. J. Tuzo Wilson d. Charles Darwin(b)
__________is the gradual widening of ocean basin as new ocean crust forms at a mid-
ocean ridge axis and then moves away from the axis. Select one: a. Faulting b. Uplifting c. Subduction d. Seafloor spreading(d)
Troposphere
Minerals CLASSES are distiguished from each other based on ___________. a. crystal structure b. hadness c. chemical composition d. color (c)
Which of the following is a mineral? a. glass b. table salt c. rock candy d. oil (b)
The angle between the adjacent faces of the columnar part of the quartz crystal is always _________degree. a. 120 b. 90 c. 110 d. 130 (a)
Hardness refers to a mineral’s ability to resist __________. a. breaking b. chemically reacting with other substances c. being scratched d. weathering (c)
Atoms, ions, or molecules in a _____ are ordered into a geometric arrangement, but those in a _____ are arranged in a semi-chaotic way. a. rocks, sediments b. sulfides, silctaes c. mineral, glass d. metals, liquids (c)
What is the most dense part of the Earth? Core
In which of the following ways can minerals crystallize? a. bonding carbon to oxygen
atoms to form organic compounds b. gradual liquefaction through superheating c. instant solidification to form glass d. solidification of a melt (lava/magma) (d)
In which of the following ways can minerals crystallize? a. bonding carbon to oxygen
atoms to form organic compounds b. gradual liquefaction through superheating c. instant solidification to form glass d. solidification of a melt (lava/magma) (d)
Which of the following is the major rock forming group? a. halides b. silicates c. sulfides d. oxides (b)
Mineralogists have identified abot __________ minerals. a. 3000 b. 4000 c. 5000 d. 7000 (b)
Two differnt minerals that have the same composition but different crystal structure are called. a. polymorphs b. pseudomorphs c. polyliths d. polymer (a)
A ________ is a vent or opening from which melt that originates inside the Earth emerges onto the planet’s surface. a. mountain b. volacno c. fault d. trench (B)
_________ rocks form after hot magma or lava cools down and freezes solid. a. Metamorphic b. Volcano-sedimentary c. Sedimentary d. Igneous (D)
As compared to mafic igneous rocks, felsic igneous rocks __________. a. have a higher proportion of silica relative to Mg oxide and Fe oxide b. solidify at higher temperatures c. cool and solidify more slowly d. cool and solidify more quickly (A)
When volatiles mix with hot, dry rock, they react with minerals and break chemical bonds, so that the rock begins to melt, a process known as __________. a. decompression melting b. partial melting c. flux melting d. heat transfer (C)
The boundary formed between new intrusive igneous rock and the host rock around it is called a __________. a. dike b. sill c. laccolith d. contact (D)
A granite is a example of _______igneous rocks. a. fragmental b. crystalline c. glassy d. pyroclastic(B)
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________ ignous rocks forms when lava freezed above the ground, but __________ igneous rocks forms when magma freezed under the ground. a. quartz, pyroxene b. pyroxene, quartz c. intrusive, extrusive d. extrusive, intrusive (D)
As compared to coarse-grained igneous rocks, fine-grained igneous rocks __________.
a. cool and solidify more slowly b. solidify at lower temperatures c. cool and solidify more quickly d. solidify at higher temperatures (C)
Fragments of material erupted from a volcano eventually settle and lithify to form an extrusive igneous rock called __________. a. tuff b. basalt c. hyaloclastite d. andesite (A)
Which of the following trigger decompression melting? a. decrease in pressure b. increase in temperature c. decrease in temperature d. increase in pressure (A)
A circular, bowl-like depression, called a ________, occurs at the top of a volcano. a. fissure b. crater c. magma chamber d. lava (B)
Large volcanic eruptions can cause climate change from a. Lava flows which change
the amount of solar radiation (heat) absorbed by Earth’s surface b. They don’t have any effect on climate c. The heat the magma gives off from the eruptions d. Gasses and ash/dust which are put into the atmosphere during an eruption (D)
Geologists refer to volcanoes that are erupting, have erupted recently, or are likely to erupt within a time frame of decades as __________. a. dormant volcanoes b. active volcanoes c. volcanoes d. extinct volcanoes (B)
What are the Products of volcanic eruptions? a. Lava flows b. All of the options c. volcanic bomb and volcanoclastic deposits d. volcanic gases and aerosols (B)
At a_________eruption, lava comes out in a curtain, along the length of a crack. a. phreatic b. fissure c. crater d. lateral (B)
Which of the following geologic settings create volcanisim? a. Island arcs b. hot spots c. mid-ocean rideges d. all of the options (D)
A ________ is a large circular depression with steep walls and a fairly flat floor, formed after an erruption as the center of the volcano collapses into the drained magma chamber below. a. magma chamber b. caldera c. tephra d. flank vent (B)
What are the different kinds of threats posed by volcanic eruptions? a. threat of pyroclastic flows b. threat of lava flows c. threat of falling ash and lapilli d. all of the options (D)
Which lava type has the lowest viscosity? a. dacite lava b. andesitic lava c. rhyolitic lava d. basaltic (mafic) lava (D)
What factors control weathering? a. Biological activity b. Rain c. All of the options d. Temperature e. Rock composition (C)
Which of the following is involved in turning some sediment into sedimentary rock? a. burial b. compaction c. all of these are involved d. cementation (C)
A poorly-sorted sediment implies: a. deposition of the sediment far from the source b. short transport distances and energetic environment of deposition c. sediment with clasts of about the same size d. a source that only contained one type of mineral (B)
Identify which statement is incorrect about the sandstone in the image below?
The structures within the sandstone beds
Sediments comprise loose fragments of rocks or minerals, shells and shell fragments, or mineral crystals that precipitate out of water. Select one: True False (True)
Weathering is the process of destruction of a rock by either physical, chemical, or biological means. Select one: True False (True)
Which of the following are types of sedimentary rocks? a. Chemical b. Biochemical c. Clastic d. All of the options e. Organic (D)
Sediment with well-rounded clasts usually implies: a. a source that only contained one type of mineral b. sediment with clasts of about the same size and uniform energy in the environment of deposition c. deposition of the sediment near the source d. high chance of abrasion during transport (D)
Which of the following processes are NOT considered chemical weathering? a. hydrolysis b. oxidation c. ice wedging d. dissolution (C)
Which of the following describes the complete series of processes in clastic sedimentary rock formation in the correct order? a. Deposition → Weathering → Lithification → Transport → Erosion b. Weathering → Deposition → Transport → Burial→Lithification c. Deposition → Transport → Weathering → Lithification d. Weathering → Transport → Deposition → Compaction→Lithification (WTDCL)
Thermal Metamorphism occurs as result of heating by a plutonic intrusion Select one: True False
True
Which factors control the type and and degree of metamorphism? a. Pressure b. Heat c. All of the above d. Fluids (C)
Metamorphic grade is a measure of the intensity of T and P conditions that lead to alteration. Select one: True False (TRUE)
Shear stress acts parallel to a surface. Select one: True False (TRUE)
Metamorphic rocks can return to the surface through a process called exhumation. Select one: True False (TRUE)
Whic of the following are types of Metamorphism? a. Regional b. Shock c. Hydrothermal d. Subduction e. Thermal f. All of the above (F)
Metamorphic rocks are those that have undergone solid-state alteration of preexisting rocks. Select one: True False (TRUE)
Consider the following metamorphic and deformation processes plus the tectonic setting. Which would you conclude to be most likely to occur along a mid-ocean spreading center? a. very deep earthquakes b. reverse faults from compressional differential stresses c. blue-schist metamorphic grades d. normal faults and hydrothermal alteration of crustal rocks (D)
Which of the following statements about metamorphism is FALSE? a. metamorphism
involves complete melting of existing rocks to form new minerals b. during metamorphism, existing minerals are transformed into new minerals c. metamorphism is controlled by pressure, temperature d. metamorphic rocks form from existing sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic rocks (FALSE)
Observe the image below, drawing from what you’ve learned about metamorphism, what would you assume the metamorphic rock to have formed from the igneous intrusion? a. non-foliated marble b. non-foliated gneiss c. foliated schist d. foliated marble (MARBLE)
A fold is a bend in a rock. Select one: True False (TRUE)
A ______ is a break in a rock across which there is observable movement. a. fault b. joint c. volcano d. rock (A)
In an anticline, Select one: a. the youngest rocks occur in the center and the limbs dip away from the center. b. the oldest rocks occur in the center and the limbs dip toward the center. c. the youngest rocks occur in the center and the limbs dip toward the center. d. the oldest rocks occur in the center and the limbs dip away from the center. (D)
In a normal fault,the hanging wall is formed on the side that moves Select one: a. down dip. b. up dip. c. to the right of the strike. d. to the left of the strike. (A)
Orogeny is a mountain-building event. Select one: True False (TRUE)
Which of the following is a mountain-building process? a. Rift b. Collision c. Subduction d. All of the above (D)
During collisional orogeny or during certain types of convergent-boundary orogeny, horizontal compression causes the crust to shorten horizontally and thicken vertically. Select one: True False (TRUE)
The process by which mountains begin to collapse under their own weight and spread out laterally is called ________. a. Collision b. Orogenic collapse c. Exhumation d. Subduction (B)
A fold with the shape of an overturned bowl is called a dome, whereas a fold shaped
like an upright bowl is called a basin. Select one: True False (TRUE)
Folds that have an arch-like shape in which the limbs dip away from the hinge are called anticlines, whereas folds with a trough-like shape in which the limbs dip toward the hinge are called synclines. Select one: True False (TRUE)
The relative age is the age of one geologic feature with respect to another in a sequence. Select one: True False (TRUE)
Who drew the first geologic map? (William Smith)
A group of fossil species found in a specific sequence of sedimentary rocks is called fossil assemblage. (TRUE)
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Geologists now refer to a boundary surface between two stratigraphic units, which represents a period of nondeposition and possibly erosion, as an unconformity. (TRUE)
If sedimentary rocks overlie generally much older intrusive igneous rocks or metamorphic rocks its called ________________. a. Angular unconformity b. Unconformity c. Nonconformity d. Disconformity (C)
A geologic time scale is a scale that describes the is the intervals of geologic time. Select one: True False (TRUE)
For a material that undergoes radioactive decay, after two half-lives have elapsed how much of the original parent radioactive (unstable) isotope has converted to the child/daughter stable isotope? a. 50% b. 25% c. 10% d. 75% (D)
Which one of the following statements regarding radiometric dating is true? Select one: a. Sedimentary rocks can be dated radiometrically. b. The radioactive decay product is called the parent atom. c. Carbon-14 cannot be used to date material more than 60,000 years old. d. After two half-lives, no radioactive atoms remain. (C)
Radiometric dating is possible if a rock contains a measurable amount of Select one: a. both daughter and parent atoms. b. either daughter or parent atoms. c. daughter atoms. d. parent atoms. (A)
Which of the following are among the principles of relative age determination ? a. superposition b. lateral continuity c. all of the above d. uniformitarianism (C)
Contour lines that appear closer together represent a gentle slope True or false (FALSE)
The range of elevation on a given map is often referred to as: 1. slope 2. Relief 3. Altitude 4. Digital elevation model (2)
The geographical position below earth's surface where an earthquake began is called? Focus or Epicenter (FOCUS)
Contour interval indicate 1. the difference in elevation between two consecutive contours 2.the difference in elevation between heaviest contour lines (1)
Mountain glaciers (also known as alpine glaciers) exist in or adjacent to mountainous regions if temperatures remain cold enough. Select one: True False (TRUE)
Continental glaciers are vast ice sheets that spread over thousands of square kilometers of continental crust. Select one: True False (TRUE)
The snow line is Select one: a. the altitude above which snow does not completely melt in the winter. b. the lowest altitude at which snow will fall in the winter. c. the lowest altitude at which snow will fall in the summer. d. the altitude above which snow does not completely melt in the summer. (D)
Geologists refer to a pile of sediment either carried on or left behind by a glacier as a _________. a. moraine b. kettle holes c. varve d. drumlins (A)
Which of the following are among the processes of glacial erosion? a. cirque b. all of the rest c. arête d. glacial striations e. horn (B)
In polar climates, the surface of the sea itself freezes, forming sea ice. Select one: True False (TRUE)
_________ is the removal of ice at toe of the glacier by melting. a. ablation b. glacial advance c. equilibrium line d. glacial retreat (A)
Glaciers tend to move by _________ in cold regions and ________ in temperate regions. Select one: a. plastic flow; basal slip b. plastic flow; ductile flow c. ductile flow; surge flow d. basal slip; plastic flow (A)
The main force that drives glacial flow is Select one: a. wind. b. the Moon. c. tides. d. gravity. (D)
What are erratics? Select one: a. cross-beds that do not match the overall outwash cross-bedding scheme b. valleys with glacial striations that oppose the striations in adjacent valleys c. conflicting dates of glaciation obtained by dating organic material found in glaciers d. large boulders deposited randomly by glaciers (D)