Lab 2 2

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Geography

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Apr 3, 2024

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Lab 2: The Dynamic Planet GEOG 1113L – Introduction to Landforms Lab Name: Adrian Mackins I. Why Does Earth Have Layers? The earth has layers because 1. What causes Earth’s structure to separate into layers? 2. What is the outermost layer of the Earth called? Lithosphere 3. The chemical name for the middle layer is the Mantle, while the innermost layer is called the inner Core _. 4. What is the importance of the element, iron (Fe)? It’s the most stable element in the universe

II. The Rock Cycle 1. Fill out the diagram below of the rock cycle using the video and definitions given. Drag each term or phrase to its appropriate position in the cycle. Not only should each box on the diagram be filled in, but each arrow should have a label as well. Some are already given. 2. If a rock looks “squished” and displays bands or layers, what kind of rock is this likely to be? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic 3. If a rock has vesicles formed from gas bubbles escaping, what kind of rock is this likely to be? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic 4. If a rock looks like it is made up of a bunch of smaller rocks and grains, what type of rock is this likely to be? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic Sediments Weathering and Erosion Metamorphic Rocks Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Heat and Pressure Burial and Lithification Uplift Cooling Melting Heat and Pressure Magma Deposition Uplift

5. Which type of rock is formed from the other two types of rocks? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic D. All of the above 6. Which type of rock would you most likely find near a beach or lake? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic 7. Which type of rock would you most likely find near a volcano? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic

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III. The Geologic Time Scale Visit the link below and complete pages 6 through 9 in the interactive online tour. Answer the questions below that go along with the activity. You do not need to answer the questions at the end of the tour on page 10. Link: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/geotime/gtpage6.html 1. Older rock layers are found at the bottom of the sequence, while younger rock layers are found at the __top ______ of the sequence. 2. How old is the youngest buried fossil on page 7 and what is it called? 65 million years old called ammonites 3. Which fossil captures an organism that is still found on earth today? Brachiopods When did it first occur on earth? 400 million years ago. 4. If you are trying to determine the age of a rock layer that is sandwiched between two ash layers of known age (top layer is 285 mya and bottom is 300 mya), which is an appropriate age for the middle rock layer? A. 284 mya B. 310 mya C. 296 mya D. 260 mya 5. What is the primary distinguishing factor between each period of time on The Geologic Time Scale? during which there were great changes in the biodiversity on Earth 6. What are the four major divisions of The Geologic Time Scale and how would you distinguish each of them? Pre-Archean refers to the time before the Archean. There is no evidence for life at that time. Archean means original or ancient. This is a time when the first single-celled organisms, like bacteria, began to evolve. Proterozoic means "before animal life" which is actually not accurate, but most of the organisms were pretty simple. In addition to bacteria, we find things like algae and unusual worm-like creatures. The Phanerozoic Eon encompasses the period of abundant, complex life on Earth. It began with the start of the Cambrian period, 544 million years ago, when most of the major groups of animals first appear in the fossil record, and continues through today. 7. What are the three eras belonging to the Phanerozoic eon and how would you distinguish each of them? Cenozoic means "recent life." Mammals, birds, flowering plants, and the ray-finned fishes all became more abundant during this time. Mesozoic means "middle life." Dinosaurs, cycads, and ferns were abundant during the Mesozoic. Paleozoic means "ancient life." Many

animals of today originated then (during the Cambrian), like certain corals and brachiopods. Some, like relatives of the sponge and trilobites originated then, but later went extinct 8. What period and era did life on land first make its appearance? The Cambrian period. What is an example of these first land organisms? Inarticulate brachiopads 9. Which period and era would you have seen saber-toothed tiger or a giant ground sloth? Quaternary period 10. In your own words, describe and name a period in the Mesozoic era that you find most interesting. The quaternary period is most interesting because I thought humans were around sooner. But I understand that it was probable too cold. 11. Describe and name the period and era in which the largest mass extinction in earth’s history occurred. IV. Relative Dating Use the diagram below to answer the questions on relative dating. 1. A fault has shifted some of the rock layers. Which is older, the fault or the granite? granite 2. Which rock is older, the granite or the blue rock inside the granite? granite 3. Describe the youngest rock layer. The top of the granite/ sand stone

4. A wavy line indicates something happened to the deformed rock layers at the bottom of the sequence. What do you think happened to cause this uneven, missing surface? earthquake 5. Which is younger, the deformed rock layers or the granite? granite

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V. Radiometric Dating Visit the link below, explore each tab of the Radioactive Dating Game, and answer the questions on radiometric dating below. Link: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/cheerpj/nuclear-physics/latest/nuclear-physics.html? simulation=radioactive-dating-game 1. Under the “Half Life” tab, add 10 Carbon-14 atoms to the screen. According to the graph above, estimate the half-life of a Carbon-14 atom. 5000 What element does Carbon-14 decay into?14n 2. Under the “Half Life” tab, add 10 Uranium-238 atoms to the screen. According to the graph above, estimate the half-life of a Uranium-238 atom. What element does Uranium-238 decay into? 3. Under the “Decay Rates” tab, what is the percentage of Nitrogen-14 and Carbon-14 at the second half-life? Do these percentages change for uranium/lead at the second half-life? 4. Under the “Measurement” tab, select Uranium-238 and Rock, then erupt the volcano and drag the probe to the rock. As time goes on, does the percentage of uranium in the rock increase, or decrease? Does the rate of change in percentage seem to speed up or slow down over time? 5. Now that you have explored a bit, briefly describe the relationship between radioactive decay and the half-life of an isotope. 6. Under the “Dating Game” tab, choose either Carbon-14 or Uranium-238 as your probe type, and leave the probe set to “Objects”. Fill out the table below with the appropriate ages for each item. If the percentage of the isotope is 0%, then the age of the item is either too young or too old to use the chosen dating method and you must switch to the other. Write N/A in the boxes where the specific dating method cannot be used. Carbon-14 Uranium-238 Wooden Cup Bone Fish Bones Rock 1 Rock 3 Rock 5 7. The trilobite fossil cannot be dated using the Carbon-14 or Uranium-238 methods. Switch the probe type to “Custom”. How long of a half-life would an isotope need to have in order to date this fossil? How old is the trilobite?

Lab 2 2

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