1hb3
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McMaster University *
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Course
1HB3
Subject
Geography
Date
Apr 3, 2024
Type
Pages
3
Uploaded by DoctorSquirrel2788
(1)
The global population is not evenly distributed. Utilizing appropriate terminology, i) describe
the spatial distribution of population, ii) explain why the population is distributed as it is, and
iii) interpret the significance of this unevenness i) The spatial distribution of population means the way people are spread across the world's surface. This distribution is not uniform, as some regions have high population densities, while others have low densities. ii) There are many factors t
hat influence the spatial distribution of population. Some factors include:’
Natural resources Climate Economic opportunities iii) The uneven distribution of population has significant implications for many aspects of human life, including economic development, resource use, and environmental sustainability. (2)
A refugee is a particular form of migrant. First, define what a refugee is. Second, explain the
circumstances around which we might consider migrants and refugees as different. Third, using
a refugee migration case‐study from class, briefly outline the nature, scope, and significance of
that particular situation. A refugee is a person who has been forced to flee their country of origin due to persecution, war, or violence. While refugees are a type of migrant, there are important differences between the two. Migrants may move voluntarily for several reasons, such as seeking better economic opportunities or reuniting with family members. In contrast, refugees are forced to flee their home country due to persecution or violence, and they have a right to protection under international law. One refugee migration case-study that we could discuss is the Syrian refugee crisis, which began in 2011 when the Syrian civil war broke out. The conflict has led to the displacement of millions of people within Syria and has also caused a massive wave of refugees fleeing the country. (3)
Contrast the perspectives of i) catastrophists and ii) cornucopians on the future of population,
with respect to our environment, and issues of over‐population and carrying capacity.
Catastrophists believe that overpopulation will lead to environmental degradation, resource depletion, and societal collapse. They argue that the Earth has limited resources and that humans are rapidly consuming these resources at an unsustainable rate. cornucopians believe that technological innovation and human ingenuity will allow for continued population growth without adversely affecting the environment. They argue that the Earth's resources are abundant, and that human ingenuity will lead to new ways of producing food, energy, and other necessities.
(4)
Define (and provide examples) epidemic and pandemic. Next, explain why the current COVID‐
19 crisis is a pandemic and not an epidemic. An epidemic is a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease within a specific community or region. A pandemic, on the other hand, is an epidemic that spreads across multiple countries or continents, affecting a significant proportion of the global population. The current COVID-19 crisis is a pandemic because it has spread rapidly across the globe, affecting millions of people in multiple countries and continents. (5)
Push‐Pull Logic is used as a theoretical way of understanding why people migrate from one
place (i.e., country) to another. Explain, through the use of an example, the premise behind this
theory. Push-Pull theory is a way of understanding why people move from one place to another. People leave their home country because of problems like violence, poverty, or natural disasters (push), but they are attracted to a new country because of opportunities like jobs, family ties, or stability (pull). It helps explain why migration happens and the different reasons behind it. (6)
Urbanization and urban growth are terms that are often, incorrectly, used interchangeably. In
your own words, define these two terms and (explicitly) explain how they differ Urbanization is when people move from rural areas to cities, and urban growth is when cities physically expand by building new buildings or expanding existing ones. Urbanization can lead to urban growth, but they are not the same thing. (7)
Explain the process(es) of downward and upward filtering as it relates to the housing market
and urban neighbourhoods Downward filtering means that as older, more expensive homes decline in quality, they become more affordable for lower-income households. Upward filtering means that as lower-priced homes are renovated or replaced with higher-priced ones, the cost of housing in the neighborhood increases, making it more expensive for lower-income households to live there. (8)
Gentrification can be viewed in both a positive and a negative way, depending on who you are
and where you live. First, in your own words explain what gentrification is. Next, provide an
argument for how one might view the process in a positive way. Finally, provide the
counterargument which suggests that gentrification is a negative process for urban areas.
Gentrification is when wealthier people move into a previously run-down area and make it nicer. Some people think it's good because it can bring economic growth and improve the area. However, others think it's bad because it can push out lower-income residents and change the character of the neighborhood.
(9)
Consider how our understanding of things like megacities, urban growth rates, levels of
urbanization, global cities, etc. are better understood when examined through the lens of
uneven development. Briefly discuss how the distribution of i) megacities, ii) global cities, and
iii) urban growth rates relate to levels of development.
Looking at megacities, global cities, and urban growth rates through the lens of uneven development helps us see how urbanization and development are related. In developing countries, there are more megacities, but they often have poor infrastructure and public services. Developed countries have more global cities because they are centers of global economic activity. Urban growth rates are higher in developing countries because of high birth rates and rural-urban migration, but the quality of this growth varies. In general, how urbanization and development are managed can either help reduce inequalities or make them worse. (10)
The history of urbanization is characterized by a number of distinct phases/time periods (each
representing a distinct “way of life” or culture) and punctuated by two critical/fundamental
“urban revolutions”. Briefly describe the emergence and growth of cities over time
Cities have developed in distinct phases over time. The first cities emerged around 4000 BCE in Mesopotamia, and were characterized by complex social structures and advanced agriculture. The second urban revolution began in the 18th century with the Industrial Revolution, and cities grew as centers of commerce and industry. The post-
industrial era began in the mid-20th century, and cities became centers of knowledge-based industries. The development of cities was influenced by two fundamental revolutions: the Agricultural Revolution around 10,000 BCE, which led to the emergence of early cities, and the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries, which led to massive urbanization.
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