lab 3-2
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Binghamton University *
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Course
101
Subject
Geography
Date
Dec 6, 2023
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GEOG 101- Laura Pangallozzi
Lab 3
1.
Describe in your own words what an earthquake is. What do the photographs in
the LA Times article indicate about earthquakes?
-
An earthquake is a sudden shaking of the ground caused by rocks under the surface
breaking which ends in a lot of damage. The photographs show how much damage can
occur and how the earth has shifted.
2.
Click on the link to the interactive map on the USGS page about the Ridgecrest
earthquake. Where did it occur?
-
The Ridgecrest earthquake occurred in California.
3.
Why do earthquakes occur more frequently on the West Coast of the U.S. than on
the East?
-
They occur more frequently on the west coast because the west coast is on top of tectonic
plates which make up a lot of earth's crust, when they rub together earthquakes occur.
4.
Where do earthquakes occur most frequently around the world? Be specific in
describing the geology of earthquake location.
-
A lot of earthquakes occur along the border of the Pacific ocean because the Pacific holds
the largest earthquake belt called the circum-pacific seismic belt.
5.
Why do earthquakes occur where they do?
-
Earthquakes for the most part occur on fault lines and this is where they rub together the
most.
6.
What evidence did Tuzo Wilson present in 1966 for the idea that North America and
Europe were once joined?
-
Tuzo Wilson had presented that the Atlantic Ocean had once opened and closed before.
He also studied different rock types and came to the realization that New England and
Canada were of European origin and that some parts of Norway and Scotland were
American.
7.
Explain the Wilson cycle in your own words.
-
The wilson cycle is the oceans opening and closing cycle.
8.
What is the possible connection between plate tectonics and the development of life
on Earth, according to Heron?
-
The possible connection between plate tectonics and the development of life on earth
would be the rapid cooling.
9.
Heron characterizes Wegener as an ‘amateur’. Think back to the reading on
Wegener in the first lab. Do you think this is accurate? Explain.
-
I don't think it is very accurate to characterize Wegner as an “amateur” because he was
well rounded in his studies and he did not have a mechanism to explain how the
continents actually drift.
10. compressional, tensional, or transform?
-
Tensional
11. compressional, tensional, or transform?
-
Transform
12. compressional, tensional, or transform?
-
Compressional
13. compressional, tensional, or transform?
-
tensional
14. compressional, tensional, or transform?
-
Compressional
15. compressional, tensional, or transform?
-
Tensional
16. What was the Cambrian explosion? Explain in your own words.
-
The Cambrian explosion was when one of the biggest groups of animals were found on
earth.
17. Explain the relationship between plate tectonics and nutrient cycles, as
hypothesized in the article.
-
The relationship between plate tectonics and nutrient cycles is the weathering that breaks
down the minerals in the rocks and releases the nutrient trace elements that help give life.
18. What is the potential relationship between nutrient cycles and the development of
life, including advanced land animals?
-
The potential relationship between nutrient cycles and the development of life could be
the energy moved between the organisms in the environments.
19. Do Large and Long present their research as settled or as an open-ended inquiry?
Justify your answer.
-
Large and Long present their research as settled because they each come to a conclusion
on their research by using different materials and techniques.
20. To which breakthrough in astronomy does Rudwick liken the enlargement of the
time scale for the Earth?
-
The fourth revolution likens the enlargement of the time scale for the Earth.
21. How did radiometric dating change the way the age of the Earth was understood?
-
Radiometric dating changed the way the age of the Earth was understood because they
were able to find age estimates for items that were found such as fossils from many years
ago.
22. What change in the way scientists think about the pace of change in geological
history paved the way for investigation of mass extinctions?
-
The change in the way scientists think about the pace of change in geologic history was
that they discovered many points for the cause of mass extinctions. Two of the points can
be found in the time period between the Permian and the Triassic periods.
23. What insight did study of banded iron formations yield with regard to the
atmosphere?
-
Banded iron formations had the insight of atmospheric evolution, this shows that there is
oxygen in the atmosphere.
24.
Planetary science, the study of planets other than Earth within our solar system,
has made many contributions to earth science via exploratory spacecraft, some of
which Rudwick discusses. Name at least one.
-
One of the discoveries is the discovery of Jupiter's moon. Europa is fully covered in a
thick sheet of ice meanwhile its neighboring moon Io is studded with active volcanoes.
This shows how they each are unique and have equally diverse histories.
25. What are pressure waves and when do they occur?
-
Pressure waves are formed from sounds and vibrations that form after earthquakes with
the air being pushed back and forth.
26. Why does the author talk about Krakatoa?
-
The author talks about Krakatoa because it was the first time that a pressure wave was big
enough to draw people's attention.
27. What was the significance of the work of Pierre-Simon de Laplace?
-
The significance of his work was that he predicted that there would be a class of motions
in the atmosphere that would not only happen rapidly but also hug the surface of the
earth. He proved that the forces of gravity and atmospheric buoyancy favor horizontal air
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motions compared to vertical motions. This allowed some atmospheric waves to follow
the curvature of the earth.
28. What is the Theia hypothesis and is it widely accepted?
-
The Theia hypothesis is the theory that Theia striked earth around 4.5 billion years ago
and is now the hypothesis for how the moon was formed.
29. What have Qian Yuan and colleagues proposed about LLSVPs? Define LLSVPs in
your answer.
-
LLSVP are two big masses that are beneath Africa and the Pacific. Yuan and his
colleagues proposed that the mantle was more dense than earth's mantle and it piled up at
the bottom of the mantle against the outer core.
30. The article also quotes scientists who are skeptical of Yuan’s hypothesis. What do
they say?
-
The scientists that are skeptical of Yuan’s hypothesis say that they do not know the nature
of LLSVP’s. “They could be piles of subducted oceanic tectonic plates, iron enriched
remnants of a basal magma ocean from early in Earth’s history when the mantle was still
cooling and solidifying, or closely spaced hot thermal upwellings within the convecting
mantle that get blurred together into one big ‘blob’.”
31. How do Yuan and colleagues think the debate can be resolved?
-
They think that the debate can be solved by using new techniques such as utilizing the
moon’s tidal pull on earth which can help narrow down the LLSVP structure.