Greece Part 1 2018 Final Version

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Oct 30, 2023

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Greece Part 1
Earliest Inhabitants • Greece occupied since 55,000 BCE • Transition to agriculture around 6,500 BCE – Appearance of first villages Development of bronze technology circa 3,000 BCE propels Greece into the global economy 2,100 BCE widespread destruction by invading Indo-European migrants Mycenaeans Spoke an early form of Greek Primary god Zeus Two groups gradually merge
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Early Development of Greek Society • Minoan Society – Island of Crete – Major city: Knossos – Palace complex discovered in 1899 • Earliest inhabitants circa 7,000 BC • Becomes land of palace kingdoms • First royal palace complex at Knossos built around 2,000 BC • Thalassocracy – Sea power
• Rooms placed around a central plaza – Expanded • Adding rooms to the periphery
Function of Minoan Palace • Not a center for population • Center for: – Administration – Manufacture – Storage – Distribution • Did not have walls around the palaces
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Minoan Art
Minoan Religion • No large temples • No evidence for a large priestly class • More personal – Small shrines • Cult objects
Minoan Writing • Linear A • Written on clay with a stylus • Not deciphered • Words + numbers – inventory
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Decline of Minoan Society • 1,700 BCE – Series of disasters – Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tidal waves • Foreign invasions • 1,100 BCE – Foreign domination – Myceneans
Mycenaean Society • 2,100 BCE • Indo-European invaders descend through Balkans into the Peloponnesus • 1580 BCE – Political power • Influenced by Minoan culture • 1100 BCE – Conquers Crete • Military expansion throughout region
Early Mycenaeans (1600-1400 BCE) Shaft Graves
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Tholos Tombs (1500-1200 BCE)
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Later Mycenaeans (1400-1200 BCE)
17
Cyclopean Masonry
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Megaron Political and Religious center
Mycenaean Writing • Linear B • Variant form of Linear A • Used same symbols to write a different language • Deciphered in 1953 • Early form of Greek
Chaos in the Eastern Mediterranean • 1,200 BCE • Mycenaean city centers burned – Rapid downward spiral – Part of larger catastrophe that overwhelmed the eastern Mediterranean (1,200-800 BCE) • Invaders referred to as Sea Peoples • Attacked Egypt and the Hittites as well
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Trojan War • ‘Trojan war’ c. 1200 BCE – Homer’s The Iliad ( C. 800-750 BCE) – Sequel: The Odyssey • Mycenaean civilization disappears • Becomes remembered as a time of myth/legend
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Dark Age (1150-800 BCE) • Period of ‘stagnation’ – after the destruction caused by Sea Peoples • Centralized government lost • Writing ceases for a time • Cultural traditions continue; religion and art
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End of the Dark Age • Greek society undergoes series of rapid changes • Rise in population • Colonization • Trade with Near East
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The Polis • City-state • Urban center – dominates surrounding rural areas • Highly independent character – Monarchies – “Tyrannies”, not necessarily oppressive – Oligarchies – Early Democracies (Athens)
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Sparta • Inland • Mostly agricultural economy • Engaged in very little trade • Land based army – Could not afford an expensive navy • Expansion only by taking land from neighbors
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Sparta • Highly militarized society • Helots – Subjugated peoples – Serfs, tied to land – Outnumbered Spartans 10:1 • Designed solely to produce good soldiers • Spent entire lives in military service
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The Good Rule of Sparta • Great Rhetra – Spartan constitution • Established the Eunomia – ‘Good Rule’ – Creates unity – Eliminating the political importance of family based units – Made all male citizens equal – Extreme focus on loyalty to the polis
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Spartan Government • Two Kings • Elected from the two leading families • By a vote of the male citizens • Kings alternated – 1 on campaign – Other at Sparta • Kings supervised by 5 ephoroi (overseers) – Elected each year – Managed day to day affairs of the polis – Also in charge of foreign policy – War could not be declared without majority vote – 2 went on campaign to make sure the king did not exceed his authority – Could impeach
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Spartan Society • Agoge “upbringing” – System in which boys were trained to be soldiers • Begins at birth – Infants inspected by the ephors – Weak exposed • Young children – Left home at 7 to begin training – Organized into ilai (packs)
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….. • Taught to fight in any weather • Taught to live off the land by stealing or foraging for food • Sussition “eating together” – Elected into at age 20 – Mess that also served as an army unit – A single negative vote = not becoming a citizen
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• Homoioi “equals” • Age 30 • Military training complete • Able to take control of a plot of land that was assigned at birth • Makes him economically independent • Allowed to marry • Could be called back at any time until age 60
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Society • Essentially a closed society • Nevermore than 6,000 spartan men • Number declines over the years due to excessive warfare
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Spartan Women • Spartan women – Most liberated of all Greek women – Part of the militaristic society • Remained at home – Trained as athletes – Taught to be as tough as men • Married later than other Greek women – 18 • Only women in Greece who could inherit property
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