Indus River Valley Civilization 2018 Final Version

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University of Memphis *

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Geography

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Oct 30, 2023

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The Indus River Valley Civilization (Harappan) and Aryan Migrations
Harappan society and its neighbors
Roots of the Indus River Valley Civilization • Almost lost entirely • 1856 • British colonial leaders • Construction of railroad • Discovered thousands of fire- baked bricks • Formal archeological excavations did not begin until 1920’s • Revealed a 4, 500 year old city • Named Harappa • Used to designate the entire Indus River valley Civ • Pushed the origin of Indian civilization back an additional 1,500 years • Excavated 70 sites so far • Territory stretched over 502,00 square miles • Much larger than Egypt and Mesopotamia
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Issues with tracking the development of Harappan society • Earliest remains inaccessible • Rising water table • Lack of deciphered records • 400 pictographic symbols • Mostly short inscriptions • Not able to currently decipher • Limited to use of archaeological remains • Only have remains from the height of the civ • Don’t know much about the earlier periods
Indus River • Silt enriched water from mountain ranges • Hindu Kush • Himalayas • Deposits silt with flooding • Devastating flooding • Less predicable than the Nile
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Mohenjo-Daro • Large Harappan city • 40,000 people • Urban planning • Grid plan • Residential streets • Sewage system • Citadel, granary, great bath, marketplaces, temples • Fortified wall • Pre-fabricated uniform bricks • Uniform system of weights and measures
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Citadel
Granary
Great Bath
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Drainage system
Harappan Society • Statues, figurines and illustrations carved onto seals • Tradition of art • Expertise in gold, copper, bronze, stone • Most likely influenced later societies • Like the Hindu pantheon
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Mysterious End of Harappan Civilization • Reasons for disappearance unclear • Civil War? • Excessive deforestation, loss of topsoil? • Catastrophic for agricultural economy • Earthquakes? • Flooding? • Evidence of unburied dead • Aryan invasion? • Collapse by 1500 BCE • Some cities abandoned • Standardized weights and measures fell out of use • Some Harappan traditions survived – agricultural practices, religious beliefs, and urban traditions
Aryan Migrations • Aryans • Nomadic migrants from the north • Indo-European people • Used Horses and Chariots • Lighter skinned • Used Sanskrit • Harappans • Sedentary inhabitants of Harappa • Darker-skinned • Around 1500 BCE
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The Vedas • “wisdom, knowledge’ • Collection of hymns, prayers and rituals • Compiled by Aryan priests • For priests to carry out their functions • Four Vedas • Most important: Rig Veda • 1,028 hymns to Aryan gods • Sheds light on Aryan society
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The Vedic Age • Conflicts between Aryans and indigenous dasas (“enemies,” “subjects”) • Aryans fighting Harappans • Also, Aryans fighting each other • No state government • Chiefdoms • Led by Rajas “King” • Governed with a council of elders • Sometimes conquered neighboring chiefdoms
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Move Toward Permanent Settlements • Increased reliance on agriculture • Influenced by Harappan culture • Food for expanding population • 750 BCE • First small cities • Tribal connections evolve into political structures • Permanent capitals • Regional kingdoms
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Caste System • Aryan social order • Ranked people at birth by: • Skin Color • Occupation • Ritual purity • Controlled: • Social interaction • Marriage • Caste • Portuguese word casta • Hereditary social class with unchangeable status • Visited India in 16 th century • Noticed the distinctions between the classes
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Varna: The Caste System • Origins in Aryan domination of Harappans • To maintain their own supremacy over native inhabitants • Varna • Sanskrit word for color • Social distinctions rose from differences in complexion • ‘Wheat colored’ vs darker skinned Harappans • Over time the populations merged • No longer able to distinguish by color • Still used the caste distinctions
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Varnas • 4 main Varnas • Brahmin, Priest • Kshatriya, Warriors and Aristocrats • Vaishya, Merchants and Artisans • Sudra, Commoners, landless peasants, serfs • Harijan: “Untouchables” • Added later • Performed dirty or ‘unclean’ tasks • Handling dead bodies • Sewage • Butchering • ‘Polluted’ by their work • Touch could ‘defile’ those of higher status
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Untouchables • Had to cover up or wear bell to alert higher castes to their presence • Prohibited from: • Entering temples • Using wells of ‘pure’ castes • Attending schools • Dire punishment for breaking rules • Shunned from society • Expulsion from Indian life
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Caste System Today • 1950 • India’s Constitution • Banned discrimination on the basis of caste • Announced quotas in governmental jobs and education for those in lower castes • Recent decades • Spread of secular education and urbanization • Influence of caste somewhat declined • Especially in cities • Caste identities still remain strong in rural areas
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Sati • “Virtuous woman” • Widow could not remarry • Breaking marriage vow • Endanger husband’s spiritual welfare • Hope to marry in some future reincarnation • Expected to live in austerity • Shunned by children • ‘Virtuous women’ could ‘choose’ to join her deceased husband sooner • Widow ‘voluntarily’ threw herself on the funeral pyre of her dead husband • Rarely occurred
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33
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Aryan Religion • Major deity of Rig Veda: Indra, war god • Many others (Polytheistic) • Elaborate ritual sacrifices to gods • C. 800 BCE some movement away from sacrificial cults • Mystical thought • Influenced by Harappans • Development of the Guru
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Teachings of the Upanishads • “sitting in front of” • Blending of Aryan and Harappan beliefs • Composed 800-400 BCE, some later collections until 13 th century CE
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Teachings of the Upanishads Universal Soul (Brahman) • Human beings are not separate • Part of a larger cosmic order • Part of the Universal Soul • Brahman = Universal Soul • Eternal • Unchanging • Foundation of all things • Individuals reborn multiple times • Ultimate Goal • Escape cycle of rebirth • Join with Brahman
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Teachings of the Upanishads • Samsara • After death • Souls temporarily go to the World of the Fathers • Return to earth in a new incarnation • Karma • accounted for reincarnations • Virtuous reborn into higher caste • Non-virtuous reborn into lower caste • Moksha • Mystical ecstasy • Deep, dreamless sleep • Permanent liberation from physical incarnation • Sever all ties to physical world • Identify with Brahman • Achieved via asceticism and meditation
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Buddhism • Siddhartha Gautama (born 563 BCE) • Kshatriya family • Gave it up to seek salvation • Sat beneath a tree for 49 days • Until he understood the problem of suffering • Received enlightenment • Becomes Buddha “the enlightened one”
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The Four Noble Truths • Four Noble Truths • All life involves suffering • Desire is the cause of suffering • Elimination of desire ends suffering • Life that follows the Eightfold path brings about the elimination of desire • ultimately Nirvana • Nirvana • Escape from the cycle of reincarnation • State of perfect spiritual independence
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The Eightfold Path Right belief Right resolve Right speech Right behavior Right occupation Right effort Right contemplation Right meditatio n
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