Chapter 3
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chapter 3
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1. The basis is defined as spot minus
futures. A trader is hedging the sale of an
asset with a short futures position. The
basis increases unexpectedly. Which of
the following is true?
A. The hedger's position improves.
B. The hedger's position worsens.
C. The hedger's position sometimes
worsens and sometimes improves.
D. The hedger's position stays the same.
A. The hedger's position improves.
The price received by the trader is the
futures price plus the basis. It follows that
the trader's position improves when the
basis increases.
2. Futures contracts trade with every
month as a delivery month. A company is
hedging the purchase of the underlying
asset on June 15. Which futures contract
should it use?
A. The June contract
B. The July contract
C. The May contract
D. The August contract
B. The July contract
As a general rule the futures maturity
month should be as close as possible to
but after the month when the asset will
be purchased. In this case the asset will
be purchased in June and so the best
contract is the July contract.
3. On March 1 a commodity's spot price
is $60 and its August futures price is $59.
On July 1 the spot price is $64 and the
August futures price is $63.50. A com-
pany entered into futures contracts on
March 1 to hedge its purchase of the
commodity on July 1. It closed out its
position on July 1. What is the effective
price (after taking account of hedging)
paid by the company?
A. $59.50
B. $60.50
C. $61.50
D. $63.50
A. $59.50
The user of the commodity takes a long
futures position. The gain on the futures
is 63.5059 or $4.50. The effective paid
realized is therefore 644.50 or $59.50.
This can also be calculated as the March
1 futures price (=59) plus the basis on
July 1 (=0.50).
4. On March 1 the price of a commodity is
$1,000 and the December futures price
is $1,015. On November 1 the price is
$980 and the December futures price
is $981. A producer of the commodity
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entered into a December futures con-
tracts on March 1 to hedge the sale of
the commodity on November 1. It closed
out its position on November 1. What is
the effective price (after taking account
of hedging) received by the company for
the commodity?
A. $1,016
B. $1,001
C. $981
D. $1,014
D. $1,014
The producer of the commodity takes a
short futures position. The gain on the
futures is 1015981 or $34. The effec-
tive price realized is therefore 980+34 or
$1014. This can also be calculated as the
March 1 futures price (=1015) plus the
November 1 basis (=1).
5. Suppose that the standard deviation
of monthly changes in the price of com-
modity A is $2. The standard deviation
of monthly changes in a futures price
for a contract on commodity B (which is
similar to commodity A) is $3. The cor-
relation between the futures price and
the commodity price is 0.9. What hedge
ratio should be used when hedging a one
month exposure to the price of commod-
ity A?
A. 0.60
B. 0.67
C. 1.45
D. 0.90
A. 0.60
The optimal hedge ratio is 0.9×(2/3) or
0.6.
6. A company has a $36 million portfolio
with a beta of 1.2. The futures price for
a contract on an index is 900. Futures
contracts on $250 times the index can
be traded. What trade is necessary to
reduce beta to 0.9?
A. Long 192 contracts
B. Short 192 contracts
C. Long 48 contracts
D. Short 48 contracts
D. Short 48 contracts
To reduce the beta by 0.3 we need to
short 0.3×36,000,000/(900×250) or 48
contracts.
7. A company has a $36 million portfolio
with a beta of 1.2. The futures price for
2 / 7
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a contract on an index is 900. Futures
contracts on $250 times the index can
be traded. What trade is necessary to
increase beta to 1.8?
A. Long 192 contracts
B. Short 192 contracts
C. Long 96 contracts
D. Short 96 contracts
C. Long 96 contracts
To increase beta by 0.6 we need to
go long 0.6×36,000,000/(900×250) or 96
contracts
8. Which of the following is true?
A. The optimal hedge ratio is the slope
of the best fit line when the spot price
(on the y-axis) is regressed against the
futures price (on the x-axis).
B. The optimal hedge ratio is the slope of
the best fit line when the futures price (on
the y-axis) is regressed against the spot
price (on the x-axis).
C. The optimal hedge ratio is the slope of
the best fit line when the change in the
spot price (on the y-axis) is regressed
against the change in the futures price
(on the x-axis).
D. The optimal hedge ratio is the slope of
the best fit line when the change in the
futures price (on the y-axis) is regressed
against the change in the spot price (on
the x-axis).
C. The optimal hedge ratio is the slope
of the best fit line when the change in
the spot price (on the y-axis) is regressed
against the change in the futures price
(on the x-axis).
The optimal hedge ratio reflects the ratio
of movements in the spot price to move-
ments in the futures price.
9. Which of the following describes tailing
the hedge?
A. A strategy where the hedge position
is increased at the end of the life of the
hedge
B. A strategy where the hedge position
is increased at the end of the life of the
futures contract
C. A more exact calculation of the hedge
ratio when forward contracts are used for
D. None of the above
Tailing the hedge is a calculation appro-
priate when futures are used for hedging.
It corrects for daily settlement
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hedging
D. None of the above
10. A company due to pay a certain
amount of a foreign currency in the future
decides to hedge with futures contracts.
Which of the following best describes the
advantage of hedging?
A. It leads to a better exchange rate be-
ing paid
B. It leads to a more predictable ex-
change rate being paid
C. It caps the exchange rate that will be
paid
D. It provides a floor for the exchange
rate that will be paid
B. It leads to a more predictable ex-
change rate being paid
Hedging is designed to reduce risk not
increase expected profit. Options can be
used to create a cap or floor on the price.
Futures attempt to lock in the price
11. Which of the following best describes
the capital asset pricing model?
A. Determines the amount of capital that
is needed in particular situations
B. Is used to determine the price of fu-
tures contracts
C. Relates the return on an asset to the
return on a stock index
D. Is used to determine the volatility of a
stock index
C. Relates the return on an asset to the
return on a stock index
CAPM relates the return on an asset to
its beta. The parameter beta measures
the sensitivity of the return on the asset
to the return on the market. The latter is
usually assumed to be the return on a
stock index such as the S&P 500.
12. Which of the following best describes
"stack and roll"?
A. Creates long-term hedges from short
term futures contracts
B. Can avoid losses on futures contracts
by entering into further futures contracts
C. Involves buying a futures contract with
one maturity and selling a futures con-
tract with a different maturity
D. Involves two different exposures si-
multaneously
A. Creates long-term hedges from short
term futures contracts
Stack and roll is a procedure where short
maturity futures contracts are entered
into. When they are close to maturity they
are replaced by more short maturity fu-
tures contracts and so on. The result is
the creation of a long term hedge from
short-term futures contracts.
B. Dissimilarity between the underlying
asset of the futures contract and the
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13. Which of the following increases ba-
sis risk?
A. A large difference between the futures
prices when the hedge is put in place and
when it is closed out
B. Dissimilarity between the underlying
asset of the futures contract and the
hedger's exposure
C. A reduction in the time between the
date when the futures contract is closed
and its delivery month
D. None of the above
hedger's exposure
Basis is the difference between spot and
futures at the time the hedge is closed
out. This increases as the time between
the date when the futures contract is put
in place and the delivery month increas-
es. (C is not therefore correct). It also
increases as the asset underlying the
futures contract becomes more different
from the asset being hedged. (B is there-
fore correct.)
14. Which of the following is a reason for
hedging a portfolio with an index futures?
A. The investor believes the stocks in
the portfolio will perform better than the
market but is uncertain about the future
performance of the market
B. The investor believes the stocks in
the portfolio will perform better than the
market and the market is expected to do
well
C. The portfolio is not well diversified and
so its return is uncertain
D. All of the above
A. The investor believes the stocks in
the portfolio will perform better than the
market but is uncertain about the future
performance of the market
Index futures can be used to remove the
impact of the performance of the overall
market on the portfolio. If the market is
expected to do well hedging against the
performance of the market is not appro-
priate. Hedging cannot correct for a poor-
ly diversified portfolio.
15. Which of the following does NOT de-
scribe beta?
A. A measure of the sensitivity of the
return on an asset to the return on an
index
B. The slope of the best fit line when the
return on an asset is regressed against
the return on the market
C. The hedge ratio necessary to remove
market risk from a portfolio
D. Measures correlation between futures
prices and spot prices for a commodity
D. Measures correlation between futures
prices and spot prices for a commodity
A, B, and C all describe beta but beta
has nothing to do with the correlation
between futures and spot prices for a
commodity
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16. Which of the following is true?
A. Hedging can always be done more
easily by a company's shareholders than
by the company itself
B. If all companies in an industry hedge,
a company in the industry can some-
times reduce its risk by choosing not to
hedge
C. If all companies in an industry do not
hedge, a company in the industry can
reduce its risk by hedging
D. If all companies in an industry do not
hedge, a company is liable increase its
risk by hedging
D. If all companies in an industry do not
hedge, a company is liable increase its
risk by hedging
If all companies in a industry hedge, the
price of the end product tends to reflect
movements in relevant market variables.
Attempting to hedge those movements
can therefore increase risk.
Which of the following is necessary for
tailing a hedge?
A. Comparing the size in units of the
position being hedged with the size in
units of the futures contract
B. Comparing the value of the position
being hedged with the value of one fu-
tures contract
C. Comparing the futures price of the
asset being hedged to its forward price
D. None of the above
B. Comparing the value of the position
being hedged with the value of one fu-
tures contract
When tailing a hedge the optimal hedge
ratio is applied to the ratio of the value of
the position being hedged to the value of
one futures contract.
19. A silver mining company has used
futures markets to hedge the price it will
receive for everything it will produce over
the next 5 years. Which of the following is
true?
A. It is liable to experience liquidity prob-
lems if the price of silver falls dramatical-
ly
B. It is liable to experience liquidity prob-
lems if the price of silver rises dramati-
cally
C. It is liable to experience liquidity prob-
lems if the price of silver rises dramati-
B. It is liable to experience liquidity prob-
lems if the price of silver rises dramati-
cally
The mining company shorts futures. It
gains on the futures when the price de-
creases and loses when the price in-
creases. It may get margin calls which
lead to liquidity problems when the price
rises even though the silver in the ground
is worth more.
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chapter 3
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cally or falls dramatically
D. The operation of futures markets pro-
tects it from liquidity problems
Which of the following is true?
A. Gold producers should always hedge
the price they will receive for their pro-
duction of gold over the next three years
B. Gold producers should always hedge
the price they will receive for their pro-
duction of gold over the next one year
C. The hedging strategies of a gold
producer should depend on whether it
shareholders want exposure to the price
of gold
D. Gold producers can hedge by buying
gold in the forward market
C. The hedging strategies of a gold
producer should depend on whether it
shareholders want exposure to the price
of gold
Some shareholders buy gold stocks to
gain exposure to the price of gold. They
do not want the company they invest in
to hedge. In practice gold mining compa-
nies make their hedging strategies clear
to shareholders.
20. A company will buy 1000 units of a
certain commodity in one year. It decides
to hedge 80% of its exposure using fu-
tures contracts. The spot price and the
futures price are currently $100 and $90,
respectively. The spot price and the fu-
tures price in one year turn out to be
$112 and $110, respectively. What is the
average price paid for the commodity?
A. $92
B. $96
C. $102
D. $106
B. $96
On the 80% (hedged) part of the com-
modity purchase the price paid will
112(11090) or $92. On the other 20% the
price paid will be the spot price of $112.
The weighted average of the two prices
is 0.8×92+0.2×112 or $96.
7 / 7
Related Questions
The basis is defined as the spot price minus the futures price. A trader is hedging the sale of an asset with a short futures position. The basis increases unexpectedly. Which of the following is TRUE?
a.
The hedger’s position stays the same.
b.
The hedger’s position improves.
c.
The hedger’s position sometimes worsens and sometimes improves.
d.
The hedger’s position worsens.
arrow_forward
The basis is defined as the spot price minus the futures price. A trader is hedging the sale of an asset with a short futures position. The basis falls unexpectedly. Which of the following is TRUE?
a.
The hedger’s position worsens.
b.
The hedger’s position improves.
c.
The hedger’s position stays the same.
d.
The hedger’s position sometimes worsens and sometimes improves.
arrow_forward
Can you please help with the question in the picture attached? The answer should be only one and I’m quite confused. Thank you!
arrow_forward
Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion
In futures markets a hedger:
a. can be a funds manager and tries to realise risk-free returns taking advantage of price differentials between different markets
b. Usually represents hedge funds and trying to implement sophisticated strategies to earn abnormal returns
c. can buy and sell futures contracts multiple times during the day adding depth and liquidity to the markets
d. can represent a superannuation fund and buys VIX futures anticipating high volatility in coming months
arrow_forward
M3
The terms "contango" and "backwardation" are used to describe term structures of forward/futures prices (i.e., patterns of forward/futures prices of various maturities). Please explain the meanings of these two terms and the situations in which they occur (i.e., the reasons for them). Also, consider futures prices of gold. Do you expect them to be in contango or backwardation? Why?
arrow_forward
The basis is defined as spot minus futures prices.
Evaluate which of the following is most likely to contribute to an increase in basis risk.
Select one alternative
A large difference between the futures prices when the hedge is put in place and when it is closed out.
Increased similarity between the underlying asset of the futures contract and the hedger’s exposure.
An increase in the time between the date when the futures contract is closed and its delivery month.
None of the other answers.
arrow_forward
Which of the following increases basis risk?
Select one:
O a. A large difference between the futures prices when the hedge is put in place and
when it is closed out
O b. Dissimilarity between the underlying asset of the futures contract and the hedger's
exposure
O c. Areduction in the time between the date when the futures contract is closed and its
delivery month
O d. None of the above
arrow_forward
Problem 4d: State whether the following statements are true or false. In each case, provide a brief explanation.
d. In a binomial world, if a stock is more likely to go up in price than to go down, an increase in volatility would increase the price of a call option and reduce the price of a put option. Note that a static position is a position that is chosen initially and not rebalanced through time.
arrow_forward
Suppose you observe the following situation on two securities:Security Beta Expected Return Pete Corp. 0.8 0.12 Repete Corp. 1.1 0.16 Assume these two securities are correctly priced. Based on the CAPM, what is the return on the market?
arrow_forward
Question: There are three securities in the market. The following chart shows their possible payoffs: &n...
Edit question
There are three securities in the market. The following chart shows their possible payoffs:
State
Probabilityof Outcome
Return on Security 1
Return on Security 2
Return on Security 3
1
.14
.199
.199
.049
2
.36
.149
.099
.099
3
.36
.099
.149
.149
4
.14
.049
.049
.199
a-1.
What is the expected return of each security? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answers as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
Answer 12.40%
a-2.
What is the standard deviation of each security? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answers as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
Answer 4.50%
b-1.
What are the covariances between the pairs of securities? (A negative answer should be indicated by a minus sign. Do not round intermediate calculations and round your…
arrow_forward
A risk manager uses a futures contract, which has a correlation of 0.88 with the spot asset, to hedge her exposure. She calculates a hedge
ratio of 0.9429. What part of the cash flow remains unhedged?
None of these
O 5.71%
O 77.44%
22.56%
arrow_forward
After paying the initial margin, a futures investor does not have to pay any additional money until the investor's equity position falls below zero.
True
False
arrow_forward
6. Explain why an option’s time value is greatest when the stock price is near the exercise price and why it nearly disappears when the option is deep in- or out-of-the- money.
arrow_forward
Suppose that many stocks are traded in the market and that it is possible to borrow at the risk-free rate, rf. The characteristics of two
of the stocks are as follows:
Correlation = -1
Stock
Rate of return
B
O Yes
● No
Expected
Return
Required:
a. Calculate the expected rate of return on this risk-free portfolio? (Hint: Can a particular stock portfolio be formed to create a
"synthetic" risk-free asset?) (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
%
6%
12%
Standard
Deviation
25%
75%
b. Could the equilibrium rf be greater than rate of return?
arrow_forward
D3)
Finance
a) What does the option delta refer to? For a standard European put option, draw the graph of the delta as a function of the price of the underlying asset.
b) You have delta hedged a long call position on a stock. The stock price drops. Explain how you would adjust your hedge
arrow_forward
Suppose you observe the following situation:
Security Beta Expected Return
Pete Corp. 1.50 0.160
Repete Co. 1.19 0.133
Assume these securities are correctly priced. Based
on the CAPM, what is the expected return on the
market? (Do not round intermediate calculations.
Round the final answers to 2 decimal places.)
Expected Return on Market
Pete Corp. %
Repete Co. %
What is the risk-free rate? (Do not round
intermediate calculations. Round the final answer to
3 decimal places.)
Risk-free rate
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D4
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Suppose you observe the following situation: Security Beta Expected Return Pete Corp. 1.70 0.180 Repete Col 1.39 0.153 What is the risk-free rate? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round the final answer to 3 decimal places) Risk-free rate % Assume these securities are correctly priced. Based on the CAPM, what is the expected return on the market? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round the final answers to 2 decimal places.) Expected Return on Market Pete Corp. Repete Co.%
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Related Questions
- The basis is defined as the spot price minus the futures price. A trader is hedging the sale of an asset with a short futures position. The basis increases unexpectedly. Which of the following is TRUE? a. The hedger’s position stays the same. b. The hedger’s position improves. c. The hedger’s position sometimes worsens and sometimes improves. d. The hedger’s position worsens.arrow_forwardThe basis is defined as the spot price minus the futures price. A trader is hedging the sale of an asset with a short futures position. The basis falls unexpectedly. Which of the following is TRUE? a. The hedger’s position worsens. b. The hedger’s position improves. c. The hedger’s position stays the same. d. The hedger’s position sometimes worsens and sometimes improves.arrow_forwardCan you please help with the question in the picture attached? The answer should be only one and I’m quite confused. Thank you!arrow_forward
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Foundations Of Finance
Finance
ISBN:9780134897264
Author:KEOWN, Arthur J., Martin, John D., PETTY, J. William
Publisher:Pearson,
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Fundamentals of Financial Management (MindTap Cou...
Finance
ISBN:9781337395250
Author:Eugene F. Brigham, Joel F. Houston
Publisher:Cengage Learning
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Corporate Finance (The Mcgraw-hill/Irwin Series i...
Finance
ISBN:9780077861759
Author:Stephen A. Ross Franco Modigliani Professor of Financial Economics Professor, Randolph W Westerfield Robert R. Dockson Deans Chair in Bus. Admin., Jeffrey Jaffe, Bradford D Jordan Professor
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education