Futures Midterm
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Futures Midterm
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A
1. The basis is defined as spot minus
futures. A trader is hedging the sale of an
asset with a short futures position. The
basis increases unexpectedly. Which of
the following is true?
A. The hedger's position improves.
B. The hedger's position worsens.
C. The hedger's position sometimes
worsens and sometimes improves.
D. The hedger's position stays the same.
B
2. Futures contracts trade with every
month as a delivery month. A company is
hedging the purchase of the underlying
asset on June 15. Which futures contract
should it use?
A. The June contract
B. The July contract
C. The May contract
D. The August contract
A
3. On March 1 a commodity's spot price
is $60 and its August futures price is $59.
On July 1 the spot price is $64 and the
August futures price is $63.50. A com-
pany entered into futures contracts on
March 1 to hedge its purchase of the
commodity on July 1. It closed out its
position on July 1. What is the effective
price (after taking account of hedging)
paid by the company?
A. $59.50
B. $60.50
C. $61.50
D. $63.50
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D
4. On March 1 the price of a commodity is
$1,000 and the December futures price
is $1,015. On November 1 the price is
$980 and the December futures price
is $981. A producer of the commodity
entered into a December futures con-
tracts on March 1 to hedge the sale of
the commodity on November 1. It closed
out its position on November 1. What is
the effective price (after taking account
of hedging) received by the company for
the commodity?
A. $1,016
B. $1,001
C. $981
D. $1,014
A
5. Suppose that the standard deviation
of monthly changes in the price of com-
modity A is $2. The standard deviation
of monthly changes in a futures price
for a contract on commodity B (which is
similar to commodity A) is $3. The cor-
relation between the futures price and
the commodity price is 0.9. What hedge
ratio should be used when hedging a one
month exposure to the price of commod-
ity A?
A. 0.60
B. 0.67
C. 1.45
D. 0.90
D
6. A company has a $36 million portfolio
with a beta of 1.2. The futures price for
a contract on an index is 900. Futures
contracts on $250 times the index can
be traded. What trade is necessary to
reduce beta to 0.9?
A. Long 192 contracts
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B. Short 192 contracts
C. Long 48 contracts
D. Short 48 contracts
C
7. A company has a $36 million portfolio
with a beta of 1.2. The futures price for
a contract on an index is 900. Futures
contracts on $250 times the index can
be traded. What trade is necessary to
increase beta to 1.8?
A. Long 192 contracts
B. Short 192 contracts
C. Long 96 contracts
D. Short 96 contracts
C
8. Which of the following is true?
A. The optimal hedge ratio is the slope
of the best fit line when the spot price
(on the y-axis) is regressed against the
futures price (on the x-axis).
B. The optimal hedge ratio is the slope of
the best fit line when the futures price (on
the y-axis) is regressed against the spot
price (on the x-axis).
C. The optimal hedge ratio is the slope
of the best fit line when the change in
the spot price (on the y-axis) is regressed
against the change in the futures price
(on the x-axis).
D. The optimal hedge ratio is the slope of
the best fit line when the change in the
futures price (on the y-axis) is regressed
against the change in the spot price (on
the x-axis).
D
9. Which of the following describes tailing
the hedge?
A. A strategy where the hedge position
is increased at the end of the life of the
hedge
B. A strategy where the hedge position
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is increased at the end of the life of the
futures contract
C. A more exact calculation of the hedge
ratio when forward contracts are used for
hedging
D. None of the above
B
10. A company due to pay a certain
amount of a foreign currency in the future
decides to hedge with futures contracts.
Which of the following best describes the
advantage of hedging?
A. It leads to a better exchange rate being
paid
B. It leads to a more predictable ex-
change rate being paid
C. It caps the exchange rate that will be
paid
D. It provides a floor for the exchange rate
that will be paid
C
11. Which of the following best describes
the capital asset pricing model?
A. Determines the amount of capital that
is needed in particular situations
B. Is used to determine the price of fu-
tures contracts
C. Relates the return on an asset to the
return on a stock index
D. Is used to determine the volatility of a
stock index
A
12. Which of the following best describes
"stack and roll"?
A. Creates long-term hedges from short
term futures contracts
B. Can avoid losses on futures contracts
by entering into further futures contracts
C. Involves buying a futures contract with
one maturity and selling a futures con-
tract with a different maturity
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D. Involves two different exposures simul-
taneously
B
13. Which of the following increases ba-
sis risk?
A. A large difference between the futures
prices when the hedge is put in place and
when it is closed out
B. Dissimilarity between the underlying
asset of the futures contract and the
hedger's exposure
C. A reduction in the time between the
date when the futures contract is closed
and its delivery month
D. None of the above
A
14. Which of the following is a reason for
hedging a portfolio with an index futures?
A. The investor believes the stocks in
the portfolio will perform better than the
market but is uncertain about the future
performance of the market
B. The investor believes the stocks in the
portfolio will perform better than the mar-
ket and the market is expected to do well
C. The portfolio is not well diversified and
so its return is uncertain
D. All of the above
D
15. Which of the following does NOT de-
scribe beta?
A. A measure of the sensitivity of the
return on an asset to the return on an
index
B. The slope of the best fit line when the
return on an asset is regressed against
the return on the market
C. The hedge ratio necessary to remove
market risk from a portfolio
D. Measures correlation between futures
prices and spot prices for a commodity
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D
16. Which of the following is true?
A. Hedging can always be done more
easily by a company's shareholders than
by the company itself
B. If all companies in an industry hedge,
a company in the industry can some-
times reduce its risk by choosing not to
hedge
C. If all companies in an industry do not
hedge, a company in the industry can
reduce its risk by hedging
D. If all companies in an industry do not
hedge, a company is liable increase its
risk by hedging
B
17. Which of the following is necessary
for tailing a hedge?
A. Comparing the size in units of the po-
sition being hedged with the size in units
of the futures contract
B. Comparing the value of the position
being hedged with the value of one fu-
tures contract
C. Comparing the futures price of the
asset being hedged to its forward price
D. None of the above
C
18. Which of the following is true?
A. Gold producers should always hedge
the price they will receive for their pro-
duction of gold over the next three years
B. Gold producers should always hedge
the price they will receive for their pro-
duction of gold over the next one year
C. The hedging strategies of a gold
producer should depend on whether it
shareholders want exposure to the price
of gold
D. Gold producers can hedge by buying
gold in the forward market
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B
19. A silver mining company has used
futures markets to hedge the price it will
receive for everything it will produce over
the next 5 years. Which of the following
is true?
A. It is liable to experience liquidity prob-
lems if the price of silver falls dramatically
B. It is liable to experience liquidity prob-
lems if the price of silver rises dramati-
cally
C. It is liable to experience liquidity prob-
lems if the price of silver rises dramati-
cally or falls dramatically
D. The operation of futures markets pro-
tects it from liquidity problems
B
20. A company will buy 1000 units of a
certain commodity in one year. It decides
to hedge 80% of its exposure using fu-
tures contracts. The spot price and the
futures price are currently $100 and $90,
respectively. The spot price and the fu-
tures price in one year turn out to be
$112 and $110, respectively. What is the
average price paid for the commodity?
A. $92
B. $96
C. $102
D. $106
C
1.Which of the following is a consumption
asset?
A.The S&P 500 index
B.The Canadian dollar
C.Copper
D.IBM stock
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B
2.An investor shorts 100 shares when
the share price is $50 and closes out the
position six months later when the share
price is $43. The shares pay a dividend of
$3 per share during the six months. How
much does the investor gain?
A. $1,000
B. $400
C. $700
D. $300
A
3.The spot price of an investment asset
that provides no income is $30 and the
risk-free rate for all maturities (with con-
tinuous compounding) is 10%. What is
the three-year forward price?
A. $40.50
B. $22.22
C. $33.00
D.$33.16
B
4.The spot price of an investment as-
set is $30 and the risk-free rate for all
maturities is 10% with continuous com-
pounding. The asset provides an income
of $2 at the end of the first year and at
the end of the second year. What is the
three-year forward price?
A. $19.67
B. $35.84
C. $45.15
D. $40.50
5.An exchange rate is 0.7000 and the
six-month domestic and foreign risk-free
interest rates are 5% and 7% (both ex-
pressed with continuous compounding).
What is the six-month forward rate?
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D
A. 0.7070
B. 0.7177
C. 0.7249
D. 0.6930
A
6.Which of the following is true?
A.The convenience yield is always posi-
tive or zero.
B.The convenience yield is always posi-
tive for an investment asset.
C.The convenience yield is always neg-
ative for a consumption asset.
D.The convenience yield measures the
average return earned by holding futures
contracts
D
7.A short forward contract that was ne-
gotiated some time ago will expire in
three months and has a delivery price
of $40. The current forward price for
three-month forward contract is $42. The
three month risk-free interest rate (with
continuous compounding) is 8%. What is
the value of the short forward contract?
A. +$2.00
B. $2.00
C. +$1.96
D. $1.96
C
8.The spot price of an asset is positively
correlated with the market. Which of the
following would you expect to be true?
A.The forward price equals the expected
future spot price.
B.The forward price is greater than the
expected future spot price.
C.The forward price is less than the ex-
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pected future spot price.
D.The forward price is sometimes
greater and sometimes less than the ex-
pected future spot price.
A
9.Which of the following describes the
way the futures price of a foreign curren-
cy is quoted by the CME group?
A.The number of U.S. dollars per unit of
the foreign currency
B.The number of the foreign currency per
U.S. dollar
C.Some futures prices are always quot-
ed as the number of U.S. dollars per unit
of the foreign currency and some are
always quoted the other way round
D.There are no quotation conventions for
futures prices
C
10.Which of the following describes the
way the forward price of a foreign curren-
cy is quoted?
A.The number of U.S. dollars per unit of
the foreign currency
B.The number of the foreign currency per
U.S. dollar
C.Some forward prices are quoted as the
number of U.S. dollars per unit of the
foreign currency and some are quoted
the other way round
D.There are no quotation conventions for
forward prices
B
11. Which of the following is NOT a rea-
son why a short position in a stock is
closed out?
A.The investor with the short position
chooses to close out the position
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B.The lender of the shares issues in-
structions to close out the position
C.The broker is no longer able to borrow
shares from other clients
D.The investor does not maintain mar-
gins required on his/her margin account
C
12.Which of the following is NOT true?
A.Gold and silver are investment assets
B.Investment assets are held by signifi-
cant numbers of investors for investment
purposes
C.Investment assets are never held for
consumption
D.The forward price of an investment as-
set can be obtained from the spot price,
interest rates, and the income paid on the
asset
D
13.What should a trader do when the
one-year forward price of an asset is too
low? Assume that the asset provides no
income.
A.The trader should borrow the price of
the asset, buy one unit of the asset and
enter into a short forward contract to sell
the asset in one year.
B.The trader should borrow the price of
the asset, buy one unit of the asset and
enter into a long forward contract to buy
the asset in one year.
C.The trader should short the asset, in-
vest the proceeds of the short sale at the
risk-free rate, enter into a short forward
contract to sell the asset in one year
D.The trader should short the asset, in-
vest the proceeds of the short sale at the
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risk-free rate, enter into a long forward
contract to buy the asset in one year
A
14.Which of the following is NOT true
about forward and futures contracts?
A.Forward contracts are more liquid than
futures contracts
B.The futures contracts are traded on
exchanges while forward contracts are
traded in the over-the-counter market
C.In theory forward prices and futures
prices are equal when there is no uncer-
tainty about future interest rates
D.Taxes and transaction costs can lead
to forward and futures prices being differ-
ent
B
15.As the convenience yield increases,
which of the following is true?
A.The one-year futures price as a per-
centage of the spot price increases
B.The one-year futures price as a per-
centage of the spot price decreases
C.The one-year futures price as a per-
centage of the spot price stays the same
D.Any of the above can happen
B
16.As inventories of a commodity de-
cline, which of the following is true?
A.The one-year futures price as a per-
centage of the spot price increases
B.The one-year futures price as a per-
centage of the spot price decreases
C.The one-year futures price as a per-
centage of the spot price stays the same
D.Any of the above can happen
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C
17.Which of the following describes a
known dividend yield on a stock?
A.The size of the dividend payments
each year is known
B.Dividends per year as a percentage of
today's stock price are known
C.Dividends per year as a percentage
of the stock price at the time when div-
idends are paid are known
D.Dividends will yield a certain return to
a person buying the stock today
A
18.Which of the following is an argument
used by Keynes and Hicks?
A.If hedgers hold long positions and
speculators holds short positions, the fu-
tures price will tend to be higher than the
expected future spot price
B.If hedgers hold long positions and
speculators holds short positions, the fu-
tures price will tend to be lower than the
expected future spot price
C.If hedgers hold long positions and
speculators holds short positions, the fu-
tures price will tend to be lower than to-
day's spot price
D.If hedgers hold long positions and
speculators holds short positions, the fu-
tures price
D
19.Which of the following describes con-
tango?
A.The futures price is below the expect-
ed future spot price
B.The futures price is below today's spot
price
C.The futures price is a declining func-
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tion of the time to maturity
D.The futures price is above the expect-
ed future spot price
C
20.Which of the following is true for a
consumption commodity?
A.There is no limit to how high or low
the futures price can be, except that the
futures price cannot be negative
B.There is a lower limit to the futures
price but no upper limit
C.There is an upper limit to the futures
price but no lower limit, except that the
futures price cannot be negative
D.The futures price can be determined
with reasonable accuracy from the spot
price and interest rates
c) the floor of a price range
Support is
a) the sensitivity of prices
b) the ceiling of a price range
c) the floor of a price range
d) the standard deviation of a price range
b) the ceiling of a price range
Resistance is
a) the sensitivity of prices
b) the ceiling of a price range
c) the floor of a price range
d) the standard deviation of a price range
b) a short position in a futures contract
Which of the following is acquired (in ad-
dition to a cash payoff) when the holder
of a put futures exercises?
a) a long position in a futures contract
b) a short position in a futures contract
c) a long position in the underlying asset
d) a short position in the underlying asset
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c) the delivery month of the underlying
futures contract is September
Which of the following is true for a Sep-
tember futures option?
a) the expiration month of option is Sep-
tember
b) the option was first traded in Septem-
ber
c) the delivery month of the underlying
futures contract is September
d) September is the first month when the
option can be exercised
a) a long position in a futures contract
Which of the following is acquired (in ad-
dition to a cash payoff) when the holder
of a call futures exercises?
a) a long position in a futures contract
b) a short position in a futures contract
c) a long position in the underlying asset
d) a short position in the underlying asset
d) 0.6
A futures price is currently 40 cents. It
is expected to move up to 44 cents or
down to 34 cents in the next six months.
The risk-free interest rate is 6%. What is
the probability of an up movement in a
risk-neutral world?
a) 0.4
b) 0.5
c) 0.72
d) 0.6
b) standardized contracts to make or
take delivery of commodity at a predeter-
mined place and time
Futures contracts are:
a) the same as forward contracts
b)Standardized contracts to make or
take delivery of commodity at a predeter-
mined place and time
c) contracts with standardized price
terms
d)all of the above
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a) The price for immediate delivery
Which of the following best describes the
term "spot price"
a) the price for immediate delivery
b)the price for delivery at a future time
c) the price of an asset that has been
damaged
d) the price of renting an asset
a) a forward contract can be used to lock
in the exchange rate
A company knows it will have to pay a
certain amount of a foreign currency to
one of its suppliers in the future. Which
of the following is true
a) A forward contract can be used to lock
in the exchange rate
b) A forward contract will always give a
better outcome than an option
c) An option will always give a better
outcome than a forward contract
d) An option can be used to lock in the
exchange rate.
b) each day after the close of trading
Gains and losses on futures positions
are settled:
a) by signing promissory notes
b)each day after the close of trading
c) within five business days
d) directly between the buyer and seller
b) Commodities Futures Trading Com-
mission (CFTC)
Which entity in the United States takes
primary responsibility for regulating fu-
tures market?
a) Federal Reserve Board
b) Commodities Futures Trading Com-
mission (CFTC)
c) Security and Exchange Commission
(SEC)
d) US Treasury
d) all of the above
Speculators:
a)Assumes market price risk while look-
ing for profit opportunities
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b) add to market liquidity
c)facilitate hedging
d) all of the above
d) 72 cents
A company enters into a short futures
contract to sell 50,000 units of a com-
modity for 70 cents per unit. The initial
margin is $4,000 and the maintenance
margin is $3,000. What is the futures
price per unit above which there will be
a margin call?
a) 78 cents
b) 76 cents
c) 74 cents
d) 72 cents
b) $62
A company enters into a long futures
contact to buy 1,000 units of a commod-
ity for %60 per unit. The initial margin
is $6,000 and the maintenance margin
is $4,000. What futures price will allow
$2,000 to be withdrawn from the margin
account?
a) $58
b) $62
c) $64
d) $66
a) $1,800
You sell one December futures contracts
when the futures price is $1,010 per unit.
Each contract is on 100 units and the
initial margin per contract that you pro-
vide is $2,000. The maintenance margin
per contract is $1,500. During the next
day the futures price rises to $1012 per
unit. What is the balance of your margin
account at the end of the day?
a) $1800
b) $3300
c) $2200
d) $3700
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a) As soon as the funds are credited
Futures trading gains credited to a cus-
tomer's margin account can be with-
drawn by the customer:
a) as soon as the funds are credited
b) only after the futures position is liqui-
dated
c) only after the account is closed
d) at the end of the year.
b) you have a long (buy) futures position
and prices decrease
You may receive a margin call if:
a) you have a long (buy futures position
and prices increase
b) you have a long (buy) futures position
and prices decrease
c) you have a short (sell) futures position
and prices decrease
d) none of the above
a) taking a futures position opposite to
one's current cash market position
Hedging involves:
a) taking a futures position opposite to
one's current cash market position
b) taking a futures position identical to
one's current cash market position
c) holding only a futures market position
d) holding only a cash market position
c) they are closed-out by an offsetting
transaction
What happens to the obligations of most
futures contracts used in a hedge?
a) they expire worthless
b) the are physically delivered
c) they are closed-out by an offsetting
transaction
d) they are converted into a swap con-
tract
d) price
Which of the following is the only variable
element of a standardized futures con-
tract?
a) quantity
b) quality
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c)price of delivery
d) price
b) The July contract
Futures contracts trade with every month
as a deliver month. A company is hedg-
ing the purchase of the underlying as-
set on June 15. Which futures contract
should it use?
a) the June contract
b) The July contract
c) The may contract
d) The August contract
a) $59.50
On March 1 a commodity's spot prices
is $60 and its August futures price is
$59. On July 1 the spot prices is $64
and the August futures price is $63.50. A
company entered into futures contracts
on March 1 to hedge its purchase of the
commodity on July 1. It closed out its
position on July 1. What is the effective
price (after taking account of hedging)
paid by the company?
a) $59.50
b) $60.50
c) $61.50
d) $63.50
b) it leads to more predictable exchange
rate being paid
A company due to pay a certain amount
of a foreign currency n the future decides
to hedge with a futures contracts. Which
of the folowing best describes the advan-
tage of hedging?
a) it leads to a better exchange rate being
paid
b) it leads to a more predictable ex-
change rate being paid
c) it caps the exchange rate that will be
paid
d) it provides a floor for the exchange rate
that will be paid
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c) generally change in the same direction
by similar amounts
The premise that makes hedging possi-
ble is cash and futures prices:
a) move in opposite direction
b)move upward and downward by identi-
cal amount
c)generally change in the same direction
by similar amounts
d) are regulated by the exchange
b) opposite of each other
What is the relationship between a cash
market position and a futures market po-
sition in a hedge?
a) the positions are identical
b) opposite of each other
c) the futures position is always larger
than the cash market position
d) the futures position is always smaller
than the cash market position
c) Could be either a hedger or a specu-
lator
Who is on the other side of a hedger's
position?
a) speculator
b) another hedger
c) could be either a hedger or a specula-
tor
d) the exchange
c) the optimal hedge ration is the slope of
the best fit line when the change in the
spot price (on the y-axis) is regressed
against the change in the futures price
(on the x-axis)
Which of the following is true?
a) The optimal hedge ratio is the slope
of the best fit line when the spot price
(on the y-axis) is regressed against the
futures price (on the x-axis)
b) The optimal hedge ratio is the slope of
the best fit line when the futures price (on
the y-axis) is regressed against the spot
price (on the x-axis)
c) The optimal hedge ratio is the slope
of the best fit line when the change in
the spot price (on the y-axis) is regressed
against the change in the futures price
(on the x-axis)
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d) The optimal hedge ratio is the slope of
the best fit line when the change in the
futures price ( on the y-axis) is regressed
against the change in the spot price (on
the x-axis)
c) prices are discovered through bids
and offers between buyer and sellers
Where does a commodity's future price
come from?
a) the contract buyer sets the price
b) The Exchange sets the price
c) prices are discovered through bids
and offers between buyer and sellers
d) the contract seller dictates the price
d) Correlation beteen the cash and fu-
tures market
What market condition is necessary for
an effective long hedge?
a) Simulation between the cash and fu-
tures market
b) Integration between the cash and fu-
tures market
c) Variation between the cash and fu-
tures market
d) Correlation between the cash and fu-
tures market
d) all of the above
Who are potential long livestock
hedgers?
a) Restaurants
b) Packers
c) Feedlots who buy feeder stock
d) All of the above
d) loss in the cash market and gain in the
futures market
If price levels go lower after a short
hedge is initiated, what are the results?
a) gain in the cash market and gain in the
futures market
b) loss in the cash market and loss in the
futures market
c) gain in the cash market and loss in the
futures market
d) loss in the cash market and gain in the
futures market
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a) Long
A farmer's crop is still in the field, his cash
market position is:
a) Long
b) Short
c) neither, since the crop hasn't been
harvested
d) Neutral, because he has no position in
the futures market
d) Both A and B
Which market has an impact on the final
net result of a long futures hedge?
a) cash market
b) futures market
c) option market
d) Both A and B
b) Short live cattle futures, long corn fu-
tures, long feeder cattle
Which of the following describes a hedg-
ing strategy for a cattle feeder?
a) short live cattle futures, short corn fu-
tures, short feeder cattle futures
b) short live cattle futures, long corn fu-
tures, long feeder cattle futures
c) long live catte futures, long corn fu-
tures, long feeder cattle futures
d) long live cattle futures, short corn fu-
tures, short feeder cattle futures
d) $1,014
On March 1 the price of a commodity is
$1,000 and the December futures price
is $1015. On November 1 the price is
$980 and the December futures price is
$981. A producer of the commodity en-
tered into a December futures contracts
on March 1 to hedger the sale of the
commodity on November 1. It closed out
its position on November 1. what is the
effective price (after taking account of
hedging) received by the company for
the commodity?
a) $ 1016
b) $1001
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c) $981
d) 1014
a) 0.60
Suppose that the standard deviation of
monthly changes in the price of com-
modity A is $2. The standard deviation
of monthly changes in a futures price for
a contract on Commodity B ( Which is
similar to commodity A) is $3. The cor-
relation between the futures price and
the commodity price is 0.9. What hedge
ratio should be used when hedging a one
month exposure to the price of commod-
ity A?
a) 0.60
b) 0.67
c) 1.45
d) 0.90
d) none of the above
Which of the following describes tailing
the hedge?
a) A strategy where the hedge position
is increased at the end of the life of the
hedge
b) A strategy where the hedge position
is increased at the end of the life of the
futures contract
c) A more exact calculation of the hedge
ratio when forward contract are used for
hedging
d) none of the above
c) The difference between the local cash
price and a futures price
The term basis is:
a) The difference between cash market
prices in different locations
b) the difference between prices for dif-
ferent deliver months
c) the difference between the local cash
price and a futures price
d) relevant only to speculation
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a) weaker basis
What will benefit a long hedge after it is
initiated?
a) Weaker basis
b) Stronger basis
c) Higher prices
d) Lower prices
b) basis strengthens and benefits the
short hedger
What happens if a cash market price
gains relative to a futures price over
time?
a) basis strengthens and benefits the
long hedger
b) basis strengthens and benefits the
short hedger
c) basis weakens and benefits the short
hedger
d) doesn't have an impact on basis
c) $5.35
If you estimate the local cash price will be
15 under the March futures price at the
time you deliver your corn, the approxi-
mate net selling price you can lock in b
selling a march futures contract is $5.50
is:
a) $5.65
b) $5.60
c) $5.35
d) non of the above
b) When the basis is relatively weak
Assume your supplier's cash market
price is generally quoted over the CME
Group's futures price. If you hedge by
purchasing a futures contract, a good
time to purchase the physical product
and lift the hedge would be:
a) once you have hedge, it makes no
difference
b) when the basis is relatively weak
c) when the basis is relatively strong
d) Whenever the cash market price is
highest.
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c) Copper
Which of the following is a consumption
asset?
a) The S&P 500 index
b) the Canadian dollar
c) Copper
d) IBM stock
b) $400
An investor shorts 100 shares when the
share price is $50 and closes out the
position six months later when the share
price is $43. The shares pay dividends of
$3 per share during the six months. How
much does the investor gain?
a) $1,000
b) $400
c) 700
d) $300
a) $40.50
The spot price of an investment asset
that provides no income is $30 and the
risk-free rate for all maturities (with con-
tinuous compounding) is 10%. What is
the three-year forward price?
a) $40.50
b) $22.22
c) $33.00
d) $33.16
d) -$1.96
A short forward contract that was ne-
gotiated some time ago will expire in
three months and has a delivery price
of $40. The current forward price for
three-month forward contract is $42. The
three month risk-free interest rate (with
continuous compounding) is 8%. What is
the value of the short forward contract?
a) +$2.00
b) -$2.00
c) +$1.96
d) -$1.96
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C) The January 2018 contract
Consider an asset with futures contracts
trades every month as a delivery month
and contracts expire at the end of each
month. A company hedging the purchase
of the underlying asset on Dec. 10, 2017.
Which futures contract should the com-
pany use?
A) The Dec 2017
B) The Dec 2018
C) The Jan 2018
D) The Nov 2017
B) The hedger's position worsens
The basis defines as spot minus futures.
A trader is hedging the purchase of an
asset with long futures position. The ba-
sis increase unexpectedly. Which of the
following is true?
A)Hedger's position improves
B) Hedger's position worsens
C) Can both improve and worsen
D) Stays the same
B) One side has the obligation to buy
an asset for a certain price in one year's
time.
A one year forward contract is an agree-
ment where:
A. One side has the right to buy an asset
for a certain price in one year's time.
B. One side has the obligation to buy an
asset for a certain price in one year's
time.
C. One side has the obligation to buy an
asset for a certain price at some time
during the next year.
D. One side has the obligation to buy an
asset for the market price in one year's
time.
Which of the following describes contan-
go?
A.The futures price is below the expect-
ed future spot price
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D) the futures price is about the expected
future spot price
B.The futures price is below today's spot
price
C.The futures price is a declining func-
tion of the time to maturity
D.The futures price is above the expect-
ed future spot price
A.
.Which of the following is true?
A.The convenience yield is always posi-
tive or zero.
B.The convenience yield is always posi-
tive for an investment asset.
C.The convenience yield is always neg-
ative for a consumption asset.
D.The convenience yield measures the
average return earned by holding futures
contracts
A.
For a hedge to be effective, what is nec-
essary?
A) Short cash and long futures
B) Short cash and short futures
C)Long cash and short futures
D) Long cash and long futures
B
A one-year forward contract is an agree-
ment where
A)One side has the right to buy an asset
for a certain price in one year's time.
B)One side has the obligation to buy
an asset for a certain price in one year's
time.
C)One side has the right to buy an asset
for the market price in one year's time.
D)One side has the obligation to buy an
asset for the market price in one year's
time.
Hedging involves:
A)Taking a futures position opposite to
one's current cash market position
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A
B)Taking a futures position identical to
one's current cash market position
C)Holding only a futures market position
D)Holding only a cash market position
B
A futures market participant might re-
ceive a margin call if
A)He is long futures contracts and prices
rise
B)He is long futures contracts and prices
fall
C)He is short futures contracts and
prices fall
D)Both A and C
D
Margin accounts have the effect of A)Re-
ducing the risk of one party regretting the
deal and backing out
B)Ensuring funds are available to pay
traders when they make a profit
C)Reducing systemic risk due to col-
lapse of futures markets
D)All of the above
B
A limit order
A)Is an order to trade up to a certain
number of futures contracts at a certain
price
B)Is an order that can be executed at a
specified price or one more favorable to
the investor
C)Is an order that must be executed with-
in a specified period of time
D)None of the above
An investor sells a futures contract an
asset when the futures price is $1,500.
Each contract is on 100 units of the as-
set. The contract is closed out when the
futures price is $1,540. Which of the fol-
lowing is true?
A)The investor has made a gain of
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B
$4,000
B)The investor has made a loss of
$4,000
C)The investor has made a gain of
$2,000
D)The investor has made a loss of
$2,000
C
Which of the following is NOT true
A)A call option gives the holder the right
to buy an asset by a certain date for a
certain price
B)A put option gives the holder the right
to sell an asset by a certain date for a
certain price
C)The holder of a call or put option must
exercise the right to sell or buy an asset
D)The holder of a forward contract is ob-
ligated to buy or sell an asset
D
In which market does a livestock hedger
usually deliver or accept delivery of the
physical livestock?
A)Futures market
B)Option market
C)Swap market
D)Local cash market
C
Who is on the other side of a hedger's
position?
A)Speculator
B)Another hedger
)Could be either a hedger or a specula-
tor
D)The Exchange
A
When will a trader get a margin call on a
short futures position?
A)When a futures market increase caus-
es the margin account balance to fall
below the specified maintenance level
B)Whenever the broker wants
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C)When the market settlement price re-
mains steady
A D)Every day regardless of what hap-
pens to the market settlement pr
C
What are the short hedger's initial posi-
tions?
A)Short cash market and long futures
market
B)Short cash market and short futures
market
C)Long cash market and short futures
market
D)Long cash market and long futures
market
D
What market condition is necessary for
an effective long hedge?
A)Simulation between the cash and fu-
tures market
B)Integration between the cash and fu-
tures market
C)Variation between the cash and fu-
tures market
D)Correlation between the cash and fu-
tures market
B
Gains and losses on futures positions
are settled:
A)By signing promissory notes
B)Each day after the close of trading
C)Within five business days
D)Directly between the buyer and seller
B
Who initiates delivery in a corn futures
contract?
A)The party with the long position
B)The party with the short position
C)Either party
D)The exchange
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A
You sell one March futures contracts
when the futures price is $657 per unit.
Each contract is on 100 units and the
initial margin per contract that you pro-
vide is $5,000. The maintenance margin
per contract is $3,500. During the next
day the futures price rises to $660 per
unit. What is the balance of your margin
account at the end of the day?
A)$4,700
B)$5,300
C)$3,800
D)$3,200
B
What is the relationship between a cash
market position and a futures market po-
sition in a hedge?
A)The positions are identical
B)Opposite of each other
C)The futures position is always larger
than the cash market position
D)The futures position is always smaller
than the cash market position
D
What type of potential hedger is a live-
stock producer?
A)Only a short hedger
B)A short hedger for the sale of their
livestock
C)A long hedger for the purchase of their
feed
D)Both B and C
A
A farmer's crop is still in the field. His
cash market position is:
A)Long
B)Short
C)Neither, since the crop hasn't been
harvested
D)Neutral, because he has no position in
the futures market
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C
If price levels go higher after a short
hedge is initiated, what are the results?
A)Gain in the cash market and gain in the
futures market
B)Loss in the cash market and loss in the
futures market
C)Gain in the cash market and loss in the
futures market
D)Loss in the cash market and gain in the
futures market
A
Which of the following describes tailing
the hedge?
A)A strategy where the hedge position
is increased at the end of the life of the
hedge
B)A strategy where the hedge position
is increased at the end of the life of the
futures contract
C)A more exact calculation of the hedge
ratio when forward contracts are used for
hedging
D)None of the above
C
What is basis?
A)Relationship between two different fu-
tures contract prices
B)Relationship between two different
cash market prices
C)Relationship between a cash market
price and a futures market price
D)Relationship between a margin level
and the commission
B
What happens if a cash market price
gains relative to a futures price over
time?
A)Basis strengthens and benefits the
long hedger
B)Basis strengthens and benefits the
short hedger
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C)Basis weakens and benefits the short
hedger'
D)Doesn't have an impact on basis
A
What are the long hedger's initial posi-
tions?
A)Short cash market and long futures
market
B)Short cash market and short futures
market
C)Long cash market and short futures
market
D)Long cash market and long futures
market?
C
If you estimate the local cash price will be
15 under the March futures price at the
time you deliver your corn, the approxi-
mate net selling price you can lock in by
selling a March futures contract at $5.50
is: A)$5.65
B)$5.60
C)$5.35
D)None of the above
B
Assume your supplier's cash market
price is generally quoted over the CME
Group's futures price. If you hedge by
purchasing a futures contract, a good
time to purchase the physical product
and lift the hedge would be:
A)once you have hedged, it makes no
difference
B)when the basis is relatively weak
C)when the basis is relatively strong
D)whenever the cash market price is
highest
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B
Assume you're a flour miller and de-
cide to hedge your upcoming wheat pur-
chase. At the time, CME Group Dec
Wheat futures are trading at $6.50 a
bushel and the expected local basis for
delivery mid-November is 12 cents over
December futures. If you hedge your po-
sition, what is your expected purchase
price if the basis is 12 cents over?
A)$6.50
B)$6.62
C)$6.40
D)$6.38
D
Which of the following describes a hedg-
ing strategy for a soybean processor?
A)Short soybean futures, short soybean
oil futures, short soybean meal futures
B)Long soybean futures, long soybean
oil futures, long soybean meal futures
C)Short soybean futures, long soybean
oil futures, short soybean meal futures
D)Long soybean futures, short soybean
oil futures, short soybean meal futures
D
Which of the following describes tailing
the hedge?
A)A strategy where the hedge position
is increased at the end of the life of the
hedge
B)A strategy where the hedge position
is increased at the end of the life of the
futures contract
C)A more exact calculation of the hedge
ratio when forward contracts are used for
hedging
D)None of the above
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B
Futures contracts are:
A) the same as forward contracts
B) standardized contracts to make or
take delivery of commodity at a predeter-
mined place and time
C) contracts with standardized price
terms
D) all of the above
A
Which of the following best describes the
term "spot price"
A) the price for immediate delivery
B) the price for delivery at a future time
C) the price of an asset that has been
damaged
D) the price of renting an asset
A
A company knows it will have to pay a
certain amount of a foreign currency to
one of its suppliers in the future. Which
of the following is true?
A) a forward contract can be used to lock
in the exchange rate
B) a forward contract will always give a
better outcome than an option
C) an option will always give a better
outcome than a forward contract
D) an option can be used to lock in the
exchange rate
B
Gains and losses on futures positions
are settled:
A) by signing promissory notes
B) each day after the close of trading
C) within five business days
D) directly between the buyer and seller
Which entity in the US takes primary
responsibility for regulating futures mar-
ket?
A) Federal Reserve Board
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B
B) Commodities Futures Trading Com-
mission (CFTC)
C) Security and Exchange Commission
(SEC)
D) US Treasury
D
Speculators:
A) assume market price risk while look-
ing for profit opportunities
B) add to market liquidity
C) facilitate hedging
D) all of the above
D
A company enters into a short futures
contract to sell 50,000 units of a com-
modity for 70 cents per unit. The initial
margin is $4000 and the maintenance
margin is $3000. What is the futures price
per unit above which there will be a mar-
gin call?
A) 78 cents
B) 76 cents
C) 74 cents
D) 72 cents
B
A company enters into a long futures
contract to buy 1000 units of a commod-
ity for $60 per unit. The initial margin
is $6000 and the maintenance margin
is $4000. What futures price will allow
$2000 to be withdrawn from the margin
account?
A) $58
B) $62
C) $64
D) $66
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A
You sell one December futures contracts
when the futures contract when the fu-
tures price is $1010 per unit. Each con-
tract is on 100 units and the initial margin
per contract that you provide is $2000.
The maintenance margin per contract is
$1500. During the next day, the futures
price rises to $1012 per unit. What is the
balance of your margin account at the
end of the day?
A) $1800
B) $3300
C) $2200
D)$3700
A
Futures trading gains credited to a cus-
tomer's margin account can be with-
drawn by the customer:
A) as soon as the funds are credited
B) only after the futures position is liqui-
dated
C) only after the account is closed
D) at the end of the year
B
You may receive a margin call if:
A) you have a long (buy) futures position
and prices increase
B) you have a long (buy) futures position
and prices decrease
C) you have a short (sell) futures position
and prices decrease
D) none of the above
A
Hedging involves:
A) taking a futures position opposite to
one's current cash market position
B) taking a futures position identical to
one's current cash market position
C) holding only a futures market position
D) holding only a cash market position
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C
What happens to the obligations of most
futures contracts used in a hedge?
A) they expire worthless
B) they are physically delivered
C) they are closed-out by an offsetting
transaction
D) they are converted into a swap con-
tract
D
Which of the following is the only variable
element of a standardized futures con-
tract?
A) quantity
B) quality
C) place of delivery
D) price
B
Futures contracts trade with every month
as a delivery month. A company is hedg-
ing the purchase of the underlying as-
set on June 15. Which futures contract
should it use?
A) June contract
B) July contract
C) May contract
D) August contract
A
On March 1, a commodity's spot price
is $60 and its August futures price is
$59. On July q, the spot price is $64
and the August futures price is $63.50. A
company entered into futures contracts
on March 1 to hedge its purchase of the
commodity on July 1. It closed out its
position on July 1. What is the effective
price (after taking account of hedging)
paid by the company?
A) $59.50
B) $60.50
C) $61.50
D) $63.50
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B
A company due to pay a certain amount
of a foreign currency in the future decides
to hedge with futures contracts. Which of
the following best describes the advan-
tage of hedging?
A) It leads to a better exchange rate be-
ing paid
B) It leads to a more predictable ex-
change rate being paid
C) It caps the exchange rate that will be
paid
D) It provides a floor for the exchange
rate that will be paid
C
The premise that makes a hedging pos-
sible is cash and futures prices:
A) move in opposite directions
B) move upward and downward by iden-
tical amounts
C) generally change in the same direc-
tion by similar amounts
D) are regulated by the exchange
B
What is the relationship between a cash
market position and a futures market po-
sition in a hedge?
A) the positions are identical
B) opposite of each other
C) the futures position is always larger
than the cash market position
D) the futures position is always smaller
than the cash market position
C
Who is on the other side of a hedger's
position?
A) Speculator
B) Another hedger
C) could be either a hedger or a specu-
lator
D) The Exchange
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Futures Midterm
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C
Which of the following is true?
A) The optimal hedge ratio is the slope
of the best fit line when the spot price
(on the y-axis) is regressed against the
futures price (on the x-axis)
B) the optimal hedge ratios the slope of
the best fit line when the futures price (on
the y-axis) is regressed against the spot
price (on the x-axis)
C) the optimal hedge ratio is the slope
of the best fit line when the change in
the spot price (on the y-axis) is regressed
against the change in the futures price
(on the x-axis)
D) the optimal hedge ratio is the slope of
the best fit line when the change in the
futures price (on the y-axis) is regressed
against the change in the spot price (on
the x-axis)
C
Where does a commodity's futures price
come from?
A) the contract buyer sets the price
B) the Exchange sets the price
C) Prices are discovered through bids
and offers between buyers and sellers
D) the contract seller dictates the price
D
What market condition is necessary for
an effective long hedge?
A) Simulation between the cash and fu-
tures market
B) Integration between the cash and fu-
tures market
C) Variation between the cash and fu-
tures market
D) Correlation between the cash and fu-
tures market
40 / 45
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D
Who are potential long livestock
hedgers?
A) Restaurants
B) Packers
C) Feedlots who buy feeder stock
D) All of the above
D
If price levels go lower after a short
hedge is initiated, what are the results?
A) gain in the cash market and gain in the
futures market
B) loss in the cash market and loss in the
futures market
C) gain in the cash market and loss in the
futures market
D) loss in the cash market and gain in the
futures market
A
A farmer's crop is still in the field. His
cash market position is:
A) long
B) short
C) neither, since the crop hasn't been
harvested
D) neither, because he has no potion in
the futures market
D
Which market has an impact on the final
net result of a long futures hedge?
A) Cash
B) Futures
C) Options
D) Both A and B
B
Which of the following describes a hedg-
ing strategy for a cattle feeder?
A) short live cattle futures, short corn
futures, short feeder cattle futures
B) short live cattle futures, long corn fu-
tures, long feeder cattle futures
C) long live cattle futures, long corn fu-
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tures, long feeder cattle futures
D) long live cattle futures, short corn fu-
tures, short feeder cattle futures
D
On March 1, the price of a commodity is
$1000 and the December futures price
is $1015. On November 1, the price is
$980 and the December futures price is
$981. A producer of the commodity en-
tered into a December futures contracts
on March 1 to hedge the sale of the com-
modity on Nov 1. It closed out its position
on Nov 1. What is the effective price (after
taking account of hedging) received by
the company?
A) $1016
B) $1001
C) $981
D) $1014
A
Suppose that the standard deviation of
monthly changes in the price of com-
modity A is $2. The standard deviation
of monthly changes in a futures price
for a contract on commodity B (which is
similar to commodity A) is $3. The cor-
relation between the futures price and
the commodity price is 0.9. What hedge
ratio should be used when hedging a one
month exposure to the price of commod-
ity A?
A) 0.60
B) 0.67
C) 1.45
D) 0.90
Which of the following describes tailing
the hedge?
A) a strategy where the hedge position
is increased at the end of the life of the
dedge
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D
B) a strategy where the hedge position
is increased at the end of the life of the
futures contract
C) a more exact calculation of the hedge
ratio when forward contracts are used for
hedging
D) none of the above
C
The term basis is:
A) the difference between cash market
prices in different locations
B) the difference between prices for dif-
ferent delivery months
C) the difference between the local cash
price and a futures price
D) relevant only to speculation
A
What will benefit a long hedge after it is
initiated?
A) weaker basis
B) stronger basis
C) higher prices
D) lower prices
B
What happens if a cash market price
gains relative to a futures price over
time?
A) basis strengthens and benefits the
long hedger
B) basis strengthens and benefits the
short hedger
C) basis weakens and benefits the short
hedger
D) doesn't have an impact on basis
C
If you estimate the local cash price will be
15 under the March futures price at the
time you deliver your corn, the approxi-
mate net selling price you can lock in by
selling a March futures contract at $5.50
is:
A) $5.65
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B) $5.60
C) $5.35
D) none of the above
B
Assume your supplier's cash market
price is generally quoted over the CME
Group's futures price. If you hedge by
purchasing a futures contract, a good
time to purchase the physical product
and lift the hedge would be:
A) Once you have hedged, it makes no
difference
B) When the basis is relatively weak
C) When the basis is relatively strong
D) Whenever the cash market price is
highest
C
Which of the following is a consumption
asset?
A) The S&P 500 index
B) The Canadian dollar
C) Copper
D) IBM stock
B
An investor shorts 100 shares when the
share price is $50 and closes out the
position six months later when the share
price is $43. The shares pay a dividend of
$3 per share during the six months. How
much does the investor gain?
A) $1000
B) $400
C) $700
D) $300
A
The spot price of an investment asset
that provides no income is $30 and the
risk-free rate for all maturities (with con-
tinuous compounding) is 10%. What is
the three-year forward price?
A) $40.50
B) $22.22
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C) $33.00
D) $33.16
D
A short forward contract that was nego-
tiated some time ago will expire in three
months and has a delivery price of $40.
The current forward price for the three
month forward contract is is $42. The
three month risk-free interest rate (with
continuous compounding) is 8%. What is
the value of the short forward contract?
A) +$2.00
B) -$2.00
C) +$1.96
D) -$1.96
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Related Questions
The basis is defined as the spot price minus the futures price. A trader is hedging the sale of an asset with a short futures position. The basis increases unexpectedly. Which of the following is TRUE?
a.
The hedger’s position stays the same.
b.
The hedger’s position improves.
c.
The hedger’s position sometimes worsens and sometimes improves.
d.
The hedger’s position worsens.
arrow_forward
The basis is defined as the spot price minus the futures price. A trader is hedging the sale of an asset with a short futures position. The basis falls unexpectedly. Which of the following is TRUE?
a.
The hedger’s position worsens.
b.
The hedger’s position improves.
c.
The hedger’s position stays the same.
d.
The hedger’s position sometimes worsens and sometimes improves.
arrow_forward
The basis is defined as spot minus futures prices.
Evaluate which of the following is most likely to contribute to an increase in basis risk.
Select one alternative
A large difference between the futures prices when the hedge is put in place and when it is closed out.
Increased similarity between the underlying asset of the futures contract and the hedger’s exposure.
An increase in the time between the date when the futures contract is closed and its delivery month.
None of the other answers.
arrow_forward
Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion
In futures markets a hedger:
a. can be a funds manager and tries to realise risk-free returns taking advantage of price differentials between different markets
b. Usually represents hedge funds and trying to implement sophisticated strategies to earn abnormal returns
c. can buy and sell futures contracts multiple times during the day adding depth and liquidity to the markets
d. can represent a superannuation fund and buys VIX futures anticipating high volatility in coming months
arrow_forward
A risk manager uses a futures contract, which has a correlation of 0.88 with the spot asset, to hedge her exposure. She calculates a hedge
ratio of 0.9429. What part of the cash flow remains unhedged?
None of these
O 5.71%
O 77.44%
22.56%
arrow_forward
Which of the following increases basis risk?
Select one:
O a. Alarge difference between the futures prices when the hedge is put in place and
when it is closed out
O b. Dissimilarity between the underlying asset of the futures contract and the hedger's
exposure
Oc. A reduction in the time between the date when the futures contract is closed and its
delivery month
O d. None of the above
arrow_forward
An investor would want to __________ to exploit an expected fall in interest rates.
Group of answer choices
buy wheat futures
sell treasury bond futures
buy treasury bond futures
sell S&P 500 index futures
arrow_forward
After paying the initial margin, a futures investor does not have to pay any additional money until the investor's equity position falls below zero.
True
False
arrow_forward
3. Why is the initial value of a futures contract zero?
a. impossible to tell
b. the futures is immediately marked-to-market
c. you do not pay anything for it
d. the basis will converge to zero
e. the expected profit is zero
arrow_forward
What is a normal market for futures? What does an inverted futures curve indicate?
(b) Consider the price quotes for oil futures below. Is it normal or inverted? Why. i.e. does it indicate shortage of abundant supply of oil at the moment?
Oil future market is NORMAL / INVERTED (highlight correct, or erase wrong answer)
Future curve indicate: SHORTAGE/ ABUNDANT SUPPLY of oil in the near future
arrow_forward
Can you please help with the question in the picture attached? The answer should be only one and I’m quite confused. Thank you!
arrow_forward
The market portfolio (M) has the expected rate of return E(rM) = 0.12. Security A is traded in the market. We know that E(rA) = 0.17 and βA = 1.5.
(1) What is the rate of return of the risk-free asset (rf)?
(2) Security B is also traded in the market. βB = 0.8. Then what is “fair” expected rate of return of security B according to the CAPM?
(3) Security C is a third security traded in the market. βC = 0.6, and from the market price, investors calculate E(rC) = 0.1. Is C overpriced or underpriced? What is αC?
arrow_forward
Suppose you observe the following situation: Security Beta Expected Return Pete Corp. 1.70 0.180 Repete Col 1.39 0.153 What is the risk-free rate? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round the final answer to 3 decimal places) Risk-free rate % Assume these securities are correctly priced. Based on the CAPM, what is the expected return on the market? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round the final answers to 2 decimal places.) Expected Return on Market Pete Corp. Repete Co.%
arrow_forward
Which of the following is a reason for hedging a long-only portfolio with an index futures?
The investor believes the stocks in the portfolio will perform better than the market but is uncertain about the future performance of the market
The investor believes the stocks in the portfolio will perform better than the market and the market is expected to do well
The portfolio is not well diversified and so its return is uncertain
All
OO00
arrow_forward
D3)
Finance
a) What does the option delta refer to? For a standard European put option, draw the graph of the delta as a function of the price of the underlying asset.
b) You have delta hedged a long call position on a stock. The stock price drops. Explain how you would adjust your hedge
arrow_forward
Suppose you observe the following situation on two securities:Security Beta Expected Return Pete Corp. 0.8 0.12 Repete Corp. 1.1 0.16 Assume these two securities are correctly priced. Based on the CAPM, what is the return on the market?
arrow_forward
financial risk management
1. The KLSE CI is at 1250. The value of your portfolio is RM2.5million. If you wish to hedge against a marketdownturn as completely as possible, do you buy or sell futures contract?
2. The buyer of the option is not obligated to complete the deal and will do so only if changes in price make it profitable to do so. ( True/ False)
arrow_forward
Futures trading halts when daily price limits are reached.
True
False
arrow_forward
A position in T-bond futures should be used to hedge falling interest
----
rates and a
position in T-bond futures should be used to hedge
falling bond prices.
O long; short
O long; long
O short; long
O short; short
O None of the options are correct.
arrow_forward
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Related Questions
- The basis is defined as the spot price minus the futures price. A trader is hedging the sale of an asset with a short futures position. The basis increases unexpectedly. Which of the following is TRUE? a. The hedger’s position stays the same. b. The hedger’s position improves. c. The hedger’s position sometimes worsens and sometimes improves. d. The hedger’s position worsens.arrow_forwardThe basis is defined as the spot price minus the futures price. A trader is hedging the sale of an asset with a short futures position. The basis falls unexpectedly. Which of the following is TRUE? a. The hedger’s position worsens. b. The hedger’s position improves. c. The hedger’s position stays the same. d. The hedger’s position sometimes worsens and sometimes improves.arrow_forwardThe basis is defined as spot minus futures prices. Evaluate which of the following is most likely to contribute to an increase in basis risk. Select one alternative A large difference between the futures prices when the hedge is put in place and when it is closed out. Increased similarity between the underlying asset of the futures contract and the hedger’s exposure. An increase in the time between the date when the futures contract is closed and its delivery month. None of the other answers.arrow_forward
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