Lab 1 Analog Electronics
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Monroe Community College *
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157
Subject
Electrical Engineering
Date
Jan 9, 2024
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24
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Analog Electronics: Measurements and Simulation
Name:
Date:
Grade:
Lab Description
This laboratory exercise is intended to introduce and familiarize the student with the Digital
Multimeter (DMM) and its use in measuring electrical properties (resistance) and electrical
parameters (voltage and current). National Instruments Multisim Circuit Simulation software is
also introduced. Proto-boards (or breadboards) will be used to construct simple series circuits
and fundamental concepts of Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Laws will be used to theoretically predict
the associated electrical parameters of the circuit. These theoretical values will be verified using
the DMM and Multisim software.
Lab Objectives
1.
Proto-board construction and usage
2.
DMM introduction and usage
3.
Multisim introduction and usage
4.
Voltage divider circuit analysis
5.
Introduction to variable resistance (potentiometer)
Lab Equipment
Proto-board and Wire kit
Digital Multimeter (DMM)
DC Power Supply or Digital Trainer
1 -
100Ω resistor
1
–
1kΩ resistor
1
–
2kΩ resistor
1
–
10kΩ resistor
Pre-Lab
Prelab Videos:
1.
Protoboard 1 (L1V1)
2.
Multisim Introduction (L1V2)
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Prelab Questions:
Write your answers to the following questions on a
separate
sheet of paper and submit it to your
lab instructor.
Each question answer in the
prelab and the lab
must be written as complete
sentences for full credit to be awarded.
If your writing is illegible the answers will not be graded.
Each student must submit a separate sheet containing their own answers.
1.
What voltage value should be connected to the red line of plugs on the breadboard?
What
voltage value should be connected to the blue line of plugs on the breadboard?
2. Describe how the plugs on the breadboard are internally connected together, using the
orientation shown in figure 1, note: rows are horizontal, columns are vertical.
3. How many
amperes
of current
flow through a 2 kΩ resistor having 10V drop across it?
4.
If Vs = 9V and V
1
= 3V in figure 2, what is the value of V
2
?
Us
e Ohm’s Law to describe why the
resistance of R
2
must be larger than R
1
for this situation?
(Hint:
The current is the same in
both resistors.)
5.
To measure voltage drop across a resistor should the DMM be connected parallel across the
resistor or in series with the resistor?
6.
Using figure 10 indicate what function should be selected to measure DC voltage with the
DMM.
7.
Using figure 9 which 2 ports should be used for the DMM to measure voltage?
8.
Why should the scale on the meter be set to the lowest possible scale when making a
measurement?
9.
If a digital multimeter shows a flashing “0” on the display when measuring resistance, what
should you do?
What type of circuit is present if the display shows a flashing “0” on the
highest resistance scale?
10. To measure current through a resistor should the DMM be connected parallel across the
resistor or in series with the resistor?
11.
Using figure 10 indicate what function should be selected to measure DC current with the
DMM.
12. Using figure 9 which 2 ports should be used for the DMM to measure low currents?
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Prelab Multisim:
Note: Since this is the first lab, this Prelab Multisim exercise can be completed during the first
lab session. However if you have time it would be to your benefit to at least construct the
model ahead of time and possibly evaluate the model as it will actual help make sense of the
actual build and measurement activities.
Open Multisim as indicated by your instructor and create a circuit model by
following the given directions.
1.
Construct the circuit shown in figure 1. The resistors R1 and R2 are virtual-
rated resistors. The other 2 components are a DC power source V1 and an
analog ground both located under the The V1 voltage source is a DC Power
source and analog ground both located in the sources library accessed by
the upper left of screen ground icon.
Figure 1. Basic series circuit, (voltage divider).
2.
Double-click the V1 DC Power source and change the 12V to 5V as indicated
in figure 2.
Figure 2. Changing the DC Power source component value.
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3.
Double-click the resistor R1 and change its value from 1k
Ω
to 500
Ω
as
indicated in figure 3.
Figure 3. Changing the R1 resistor component.
4.
Now we will add some probes to indicate electrical parameters when the
circuit is simulated. The probes are located near the top-center of the user
interface, see figure 4.
Figure 4. Place probe icons.
5.
Add a Voltage probe (1
st
icon on left) above the DC voltage source. The
orientation can be changed by right-clicking on the probe and applying
various rotations. Double-click on the yellow parameter box to change what
gets displayed in the display box, see figure 5. This is controlled on the
parameters tab of the pop-up dialog box. The reference designations can
also be removed by appropriate selections in the appearance tab. See
figures 6 and 7. Try to have your model with probe look like figure 8.
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Figure 5. Voltage probe placement.
Figure 6. Modifications to the probe display and appearance settings.
Figure 7. Changing probe parameters.
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Figure 8. Final probe set-up.
6.
Add a voltage difference probe across resistor R1 by selecting the + V probe
and selecting to the left of resistor R1 to place the positive probe, then click
to the right to place the negative probe. Also place a current probe as
shown in figure 9. Try to modify these probes setting so they appear as in
figure 9.
Figure 9. Completed model ready for simulation.
7.
Now that the model and probes are set-up, the model can be simulated by
selecting the green triangle to Run or pressing the F5 function key on the
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computer keyboard as indicated in figure 10. Immediately the model is
analyzed for errors and if there are none, the probes will display the various
parameters as requested by their settings. Figure 11 shows the simulated
circuit model.
Figure 10. Circuit model just prior to simulation.
8.
Now select the red square icon to stop simulating the circuit model. Delete
the probes from the model and select the top icon on the right side of the
user interface, a multimeter. Figure out how to set-up 3 multimeters to
replace the deleted probes and make the same type of measruements, a
voltage level, a voltage difference and a current measurement. The Lab
Theory section (particularly section IV) may provide some insight if you are
having trouble.
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Lab Theory
I. Breadboard (proto-board) Layout
A breadboard is a board with a series of electrically connected plugs.
Figure 1 is a photo and a
diagram of a typical breadboard.
Line of Red Plugs +
Line of Blue Plugs -
Center
Slot
Columns of 5
Plugs
Line of RedPlugs +
Line of Blue Plugs -
Columns of 5
Plugs
Figure 1. Typical breadboard layout.
The line of red plugs on the top are all connected together.
Any two components that are
plugged into this line of plugs will be connected together. Likewise the top line of blue plugs are
all connected together.
Each column of 5 vertical plugs above the center slot are connected
together.
Each column of 5 vertical plugs below the center slot are connected together.
No
plugs above the center slot are connected to any plugs below the center slot.
It is often convenient to connect a wire from the top red line of plugs to the bottom red line of
plugs.
The red line of plugs should then be connected to Vdd (+5.0 V) in our experiments.
Likewise the top and bottom blue lines of plugs should be connected together and then
connected to Vss (ground or 0 V).
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II. Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law is a mathematical equation that relates the voltage drop (V)
across
a resistor (R) to
the current (I) flowing
through
the resistor. The equation is given as
V = IR
eq. (1)
where
V is the voltage drop in volts [V]
R is the resistance of the resistor in ohms [
Ω
]
I is the current flowing in amps [A]
Example:
Use Ohm’s law to determine the current flowing through a 1 kΩ
resistor when 5 volts are
applied across the resistor.
Solution:
First make sure all quantities are in either volts, ohms, or amperes.
1kΩ
must be converted to ohms.
1 kΩ = 1000 Ω
Since V = IR, solving for the current I yields
I = V/R
I = 5 [V] / 1000 [
Ω
] = 0.005 [A] = 5 [mA]
Note: 1 milli-amp [mA] is 1/1000 of an amp.
III. Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Another useful law is Kirchoff’s Volt
age Law (KVL) which states that the sum of all the voltage
drops around a closed loop is zero, see equation (2). This statement implicitly indicates that a
voltage rise must be entered into the equation as a negative value.
V
drops
= 0 for a closed loop
eq. (2)
Consider the circuit diagram of figure 2. The circuit is comprised of a single closed loop with a
power supply (Vs) supplying current (I) to 2 resistors (R1 and R2). V1 and V2 represent the
voltage drops across R1 and R2 respectively.
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Figure 2. A Series Circuit (Voltage Divider).
To apply Kirchoff’s Voltage Law one picks any convenient starting point such as the ground
point, and traverses a closed loop path back to the starting point. Moving from the ground
point in a clockwise direction and adding up voltage drops Kirchoff’s Voltage Law results in:
- Vs + V1 + V2 =0
eq. (3)
Note: Vs is a voltage rise from ground, therefore it is entered as a negative value, (a voltage
rise is a negative voltage drop).
Rearranging equation 3 one obtains
Vs = V1 + V2
eq. (4)
Equation 4 indicates that the supply voltage Vs is divided up between V1 and V2, this is why the
circuit of figure 2 is commonly referred to as a voltage divider circuit. This is a useful circuit that
will be used throughout the course.
The following equations can be used to compute the
voltage drops across each resistor.
1
1
S
1
2
R
V = V
R
+ R
eq. (5)
2
2
S
1
2
R
V
= V
R
+ R
eq. (6)
IV. Voltage and Voltage Drop Measurements:
As stated previously, voltage drop is an
across
variable, therefore, the measurement must be
made across the component of interest. Figure 3 shows the connection method for a voltage
drop measurement.
+
+
-
-
0
Vs
V2
I
R2
V1
R1
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a.
The wire leads from the Digital Multi-Meter (DMM) are inserted in the correct
terminals of the meter for a voltage measurement,
(V
ΩHz
= + and COM = - in
figure 3 below).
b.
The DMM always displays the difference between the + terminal and the
–
terminal.
c.
The wire leads are connected at the points of interest, (A and B in figure 3
below).
d.
The
smallest
measurement range possible should be used to produce the
greatest precision in your measurement.
To select the smallest possible scale,
start on the lowest DC Voltage scale (200mV on the LG meters).
If the display is
showing flashing zeroes it means that the voltage being measured is greater than
the scale value.
In this case you must select the next highest scale.
Repeat this
as necessary until you find the smallest scale in which zeroes are not flashing.
The measurement taken here will indicate the voltage drop across the resistor R2. Since the
voltage at point B is the ground reference (0 volts), this measurement also indicates the voltage
level at point A with respect to ground, (see note b above).
Figure 3. DMM Voltage Drop Measurement.
Note:
If the DMM were set for a resistance measurement and connected across R2 as shown in
figure 3, an incorrect value may result. The meter measures the resistance from A to B on all
paths, therefore the path should include only the component(s) of measurement interest.
R1
R2
Vs
+
V1
-
+
V2
-
XMM 1
A
B
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V. Resistance Measurements
To measure resistance the DMM leads are placed across the resistor as in a voltage
measurement
without the power supply connected
.
a.
The wire leads from the Digital Multi-Meter (DMM) are inserted in the correct
terminals of the meter for a resistance measurement,
(
VΩHz = +
and COM = -
as
shown in figure 4).
b.
The wire leads are connected at the 2 ends of the resistor, note the DMM will
measure the resistance of the path between the leads, therefore the resistor
must be the only path between the leads. (Refer back to the Note of section IV.)
c.
The
smallest
measurement range possible should be used to produce the
greatest precision in your measurement.
To select the smallest possible scale,
start on the lowest
Ω
scale (200
Ω
on the LG meters).
If the display is showing
flashing zeroes it means that the resistance being measured is greater than the
scale value.
In this case you must select the next highest scale.
Repeat this as
necessary until you find the smallest scale in which zeroes are not flashing.
Series Resistors
Series resistors are connected end-to-end, the resulting resistance is the sum of the 2
resistances, see figure 4, and equation 7.
Figure 4. Series Resistors and Measurement.
Rs = R1 + R2
eq. (7)
R1
R2
R1
R2
XMM 1
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Parallel Resistors
Parallel resistors are connected between 2 common points, or nodes. Figure 5 shows 2 resistors
in parallel and the measurement of the parallel combination. Equations 8 or 9 can be used to
calculate 2 resistors in parallel.
Figure 5. Parallel Resistors and Measurement.
For two resistors in parallel the following equation can be used to compute the equivalent
resistance R
P
.
1
2
P
1
2
R
R
R
=
R
+ R
eq. (8)
For a parallel circuit containing more than two resistors, the general parallel resistance formula
given below must be used.
P
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+ ...
R
R
R
R
eq. (9)
When measuring resistance, one may run across a short circuit or an open circuit condition.
A
short circuit
will measure 0Ω
, this indicates a low resistance parallel path across the resistor
bein
g measured. If this were in a circuit, the circuit would not ‘see’ the resistance, just the low
resistance path.
An
Open Circuit
will measure as infinite resistance.
A flashing “0”, or
constant value of 1, or
“OL”, on a meter indicates that the value mea
sured is greater than the selected measurement
range. In the case of an open circuit, a flashing “0”, or
constant value of 1, or “OL”, will appear
on even the highest measurement range. With no continuous path between the measurement
leads, the resistance is infinite and no current will flow.
R1
R2
R1
R2
XMM1
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VI. Current Measurements:
As stated previously, current is a
through
variable, it flows through a component, therefore, the
measurement must be made such that the current flows through the DMM in the branch line of
interest. Figure 6 shows the connection method for a current measurement.
a.
The wire leads from the DMM are inserted in the correct terminals of the meter
for a current measurement.
( mA = + and COM = - in figure 6 )
b.
The smallest possible measurement scale is selected by starting on the
highest
scale (2000mA on the LG meters) and decreasing to lower ranges only if the
reading on the display is lower than the next lowest scale.
When measuring
current a DMM is most vulnerable to damage from high current.
If a current
scale is too low, excessive current could flow into the meter and damage it. This
is why you should always start on the highest current scale and carefully move to
the next lowest scale only if the reading shown is less than that scale value.
c.
The wire leads are connected at the points of interest such that the meter
becomes part of the circuit. The DMM measurement will indicate the current
flowing in the branch that passes through the meter.
The measurement taken here will indicate the current through the branch. In this case, the
current in the entire circuit since there is only the 1 loop.
Figure 6. DMM Current Measurement
R1
R2
Vs
+
V1
-
+
V2
-
XMM1
A
B
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Quote #1: Every Digital Multimeter is the same, -- only different!
Essentially every multimeter can measure voltage levels, voltage differences, current, and
resistance. Some meters can measure capacitance, however there are better instruments made
to specifically measure capacitance that should be used if very accurate capacitance values are
required. Some meters can also measure diodes and transistors as well as thermocouples
(Temperature Sensors).
The process for making a measurement with a meter is as follows:
1.
You must know what you are trying to measure.
2.
You should have some idea of the value you are expecting to see.
This comes from
i.
Basic understanding of Ohm’s Law
ii.
Component value markings
iii.
Application design/requirements
3.
With the above information in mind, you can now specify the function of the
multimeter, either voltage, current, resistance etc. and
4.
Specify the range setting of the meter particularly if the meter is not an automatic
ranging meter. If the meter is auto ranging, and it is set as such, then the best range will
be automatically selected by the meter.
5.
The last task to complete before taking the measurement is to be sure that the
measurement probes (cables) are placed in the proper ports for the type of
measurement being performed, the type of measurement (#3) comes into play again.
Again, every multimeter has similar functional capabilities, the task is to determine the correct
settings to make on the meter prior to the measurements. Keep in mind that you will need to
select the function, or the type of measurement to take, and the measurement range. Connect
the measurement probes to the appropriate meter ports for the type of measurement to be
taken.
With this information in mind, it is necessary to note that the following figures of multimeters
in the lab are most likely not the actual meter you will have access to in the lab. You will have to
take a small amount of time to study the instrument and make educated guesses as to the
functionality of all of the settings on the meter. The buttons, knobs, and ports typically have
some type of labelling o indicate this functionality. Do not get frustrated, and do not
immediately raise your hand for help. Good students and future engineers study, think and
draw some type of preliminary conclusion about the task at hand.
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Lab
Part A:
Breadboard Usage and Resistance Measurements
Figure 8 shows a photo of an LG digital multimeter (DMM). This is a typical meter; the one you
will use in this lab may be different. If different, you can figure out how to use the meter by
studying the different controls and labels on the DMM.
As an engineer you will be required to
think! Never ask a question before you have contemplated a possible answer, chances are
you will come up with the answer to your question.
Figure 8. LG Digital Multimeter (DMM)
1.
Connect a red banana connector to alligator connector wire into the V
ΩH
z plug of the
meter and a black banana connector to alligator connector wire into the COM plug, see
figure 9.
2.
Set the meter to the Ω function and start with the meter on the lo
west scale for all
measurements, see figure 10. If the meter is autoranging, typically there will be an
arrow button that will take the meter out of autoranging and cycle through the different
range scales available on the meter. It is important to note that the most accurate
reading of the component or parameter of interest will be on the scale that is closest
but not under the actual measruement value. This is the scale that the meter uses in
autoranging mode.
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Figure 9. Lead connection area.
Figure 10. Function selection area.
3.
Create a short circuit by connecting the red and black alligator connector wire ends
togther. Measure the resistance on all the resistance ranges (figure 11); this may make you
cycle through the different scales on an autoranging meter, (note sometimes the acutal scale
range is indicated on the meter display panel). Enter your measurements and scale range
with units into table 1.
4.
Create an open circuit by disconnecting the red and black wires. Measure the resistance
on all the resistance ranges and enter your measurements with units into table 1.
If the
scale shows a flashing zero enter F-0 in the cell, (or flashing 1 on BK meters
, or just 0’s
on other meters).
Fgirue 11. Range selection area.
Table 1:
Resistance of Short and Open Circuits (Include Units)
Key:
F-0 = flashing 0
Scale:
Short Cicuit
Resistance
Open Cicuit
Resistance
5.
What is the difference between a resistance showing zero on the display and a second
resistance showing a flashing zero on the display?
6.
Insert the ends of a 100
Ω
resistor into two different columns of the breadboard.
Note
orient your breadboard as shown in figure 1, columns are vertical and numbered, rows
are horizontal and lettered.
Measure the resistance on all the resistance ranges and
enter your measurements with units into table 2.
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7.
Repeat step 6 with the two ends of the resistor inserted into the same column on the
same side of the center slot on the breadboard.
8.
Repeat step 6 using first a 1000 Ω resistor and then a 10,000 Ω resistor with the two
ends inserted into different columns.
Table 2:
Resistance of Resistors Key:
F-0 = flashing 0
(Include Units)
Scale
100 Ω
Different Columns
100 Ω
Same Columns
1000Ω
Different Columns
10,000Ω
Different Columns
9.
What problem occurs when a scale that is too high is used?
10. What is displayed when the selected scale is too low?
11. Describe how you will select the best scale for the measurement you are planning to
acquire.
12.
What type of circuit is created when both ends of a resistor are inserted into the same
column on the same side of the center slot of the breadboard?
What does this indicate
about how the breadboard is constructed?
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Stop!
Have your instructor check your work and answers and then have him initial or stamp
below before continuing.
Instructor’s initials or stamp_________________________________________________
12. Connect a 1k
Ω resistor in series with a 2
k
Ω resistor on your breadboard by inserting one
end of each resistor into the same column on the breadboard.
The other ends of the
resistors must be in different columns.
13. Select the appropriate measurement scale and record it along with the resistance of the
series resistance in table 3.
14. Connect a 1k
Ω resistor in parallel with
a 2k
Ω resistor on your breadboard by inserting
the left end of each resistor into the same column on the breadboard.
The two right
ends of the resistors must be inserted into the same column as each other also.
15. Select the appropriate measurement scale and record it along with the resistance of the
parallel resistance in table 3.
16. Connect a short wire in parallel with the two resistors by inserting one end into the
column with the left ends of the resistors and the other end of the wire into the column
with the right ends of the resistors.
17. Select the appropriate measurement scale and record it along with the resistance of the
parallel resistance in table 3.
Table 3:
Series and Parallel Resistances of
1k
Ω and 2
k
Ω Resistors
(Include Units)
Connection Method
Resistance Value
Series
Parallel
Parallel with wire
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18. Use Equation 9 with R
1
=1000Ω, R
2
=2000Ω, and R
3
=0.001
Ω (the wire) to compute the
theoretical value of R
p
.
19. What kind of circuit is created when a wire is connected in parallel with a circuit?
Stop!
Have your instructor check your work and answers and then have him initial or stamp
below before continuing.
Instructor’s initials or stamp__________________________________________
_______
Part B: Voltage and Current Measurements and Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law is a mathematical relationship between the voltage drop (in volts) across a resistor
(ohms) to the current (amps) flowing through the resistor. This relationship is shown in
Equation 1. The passive sign convention is implicitly indicated by the direction of the current
and the polarity of the voltage drop, see figure 12. (A positive current flows from a higher
potential (voltage) to a lower potential).
A
COM
mA (or 2A on BK meter)
+5V
R
GND
Figure 12. Measuring Current
1.
Remove all leads (if any) from the Power supply.
2.
Connect the “+ 5V” terminal of the digital trainer to the red row on the breadboard, and
the ground terminal of the digital trainer to the blue row on the breadboard.
3.
Place the 1
00Ω
resistor across 2 different columns on the breadboard.
4.
Connect a jumper wire (preferably a red wire) from the red row (+5V) to one of the
sockets in the same column as one side of the resistor.
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5.
Set the DMM to function as an ammeter (figure 10).
6.
Set the DMM to the highest DC current scale (figure 11).
7.
Clip a wire onto the side of the resistor away from the +5V and then plug it into the mA
port of the ammeter (figure 9).
8.
Connect a jumper wire (preferably a green wire) from the blue row (ground) and connect
a wire from the end of this wire to the COM port of the DMM.
9.
Starting on the highest current scale, decrease the scale setting by one until the value
displayed is larger than the next lowest scale reading.
Record the lowest appropriate
scale and the current measured along with units in table 4.
10.
Set the DMM
to the highest current scale and then replace the 100Ω resistor with a 1
k
Ω
resistor and determine the smallest appropriate scale and current and record the values
in table 4.
11.
Set the meter to the highest current scale and then replace the 1k
Ω resistor with a 10
k
Ω
resistor and determine the smallest appropriate scale and current and record the values
in table 4.
Table 4:
Measuring Current Through a Resistor
(Include Units)
Resistor Val
ue (Ω)
Current
100
1000
10,000
Stop!
Have your instructor check your work and answers and then have him initial or stamp
below before continuing.
Instructor’s initials or stamp_________________________________________________
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Part C: Voltage Divider Circuit
+V
s
R
1
GND
R
2
Figure 13. Voltage Divider Circuit.
Specifications:
R
1
= 1000
Ω
R
2
= 2000
Ω
1.
Remove all connections from the breadboard.
2.
Connect the +V terminal of the trainer to the red line of plugs on the breadboard. This will
serve as +Vs in the figure 13 circuit.
3.
Connect the ground of the trainer to the blue line of plugs on the breadboard.
4. Connect R
1
and R
2
in series from the red plugs to the blue plugs.
5.
Set the DMM to function as a voltmeter and select the lowest DC voltage scale.
6.
Connect the VΩHz plug of the
DMM to the red line of plugs (+Vs) and the COM to the blue
line of plugs (ground).
7.
Adjust the voltage on the trainer so that V
s
is +0.4V.
If the DMM flashes a zero or displays a
1 switch to the next higher voltage scale on the DMM.
8.
Record the lowest appropriate scale for V
s
in table 5.
9. Set the DMM
to the lowest voltage scale and then connect the VΩHz plug on one side of R
1
and the COM plug to the opposite side of R
1
.
Determine the lowest appropriate scale and
the voltage value table 5.
Repeat this procedure for R
2
.
10. Repeat steps 7-9 for the other two values of V
s
in table 5.
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Table 5:
Measuring Voltage in a Series Circuit
(Include Units)
V
s
(Volts)
V
1
V
2
0.40
4.0
12.0
11. Connect your voltmeter so that it measures Vs.
Set Vs to 4.0 using the lowest appropriate
scale.
Starting at the lowest voltmeter scale, record the scale and the voltage value of Vs
for each scale level on the meter in table 6..
Table 6:
Voltage Values for V
s
Key:
F-0 = flashing 0
(Include Units)
Scale LG Meter
200mV
2V
20V
200V
1000DCV
Scale Other Meter
V
s
12. What problem occurs when a scale that is too high is used?
13. What is displayed when the selected scale is too low?
14. Use voltage divider equations 5 and 6 to compute the Values of V
1
and V
2
when Vs=12.0V.
Show all your work.
Stop!
Have your instructor check your work and answers and then have him initial or stamp
below before continuing.
Instructor’s initials or stamp______________________
___________________________
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Final Multisim Exercise
Note: The video in the prelab goes through this exercise using different
component values. Watch the video again and explore the Multisim software to
figure out where the different components are stored. Once again, engineers will
be required to think and try new concepts, software
etc.
An instructor will not
always be available for you to simply provide an answer.
1.
Construct a voltage divider circuit in Multisim using R1 = 4
kΩ, and R2 =
6
kΩ, be sure to
use rated virtual resistor components in your model). Initially set the DC voltage supply
to 10V, (do not forget about a ground component). Insert 3 DMMs or measurement
probes into the model to measure the voltage drops across R1 and R2 and the current in
the circuit. Show your instructor your Multisim model.
2.
Using the rated power value (0.25Watts) and the power equation P = V
2
/R, determine
the voltage drop across R2 that will cause the resistor to fail (exceed 0.25W). Next
determine the required source voltage (Vs) using the voltage divider equation (eq. 5
from the lab). Show all of your work)
3.
Modify the Multisim model using the next highest integer value for Vs calculated from
question 2. Simulate the Multisim model watching the meters closely. Record your
observations and discuss with your instructor.
Shut Down
Stop!
Have your instructor check to see that you have neatly put all the components back into
your kit and turned off the power on all of the instruments used.
Instructor’s initials or Stamp
_______________________________________________
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