Camille West ES_3401_L14_EnergyResources (1)

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Feb 20, 2024

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Energy Resources PRE-LAB QUESTIONS 1. What is the term for resources which can be used repeatedly and are naturally replenished over time fast enough to keep up with consumption? Renewable Energy Sources 2. Name three types of nonrenewable resources. Coal, Petroleum, Nuclear Energy 3. Conventional oil and gas are extracted from porous rock bodies underground known as ___ rocks. a. Source b. Peat c. Reservoir d. Fracking 4. Name three types of renewable resources. Wind Energy, Solar Energy, Biomass Energy 5. Photovoltaic cells utilize tiny strips of ___ that are joined together into modules. a. Biomass b. Semiconductors c. Turbines d. Uranium-235 ©eScience Labs, 2018

Energy Resources EXERCISE 1: ENERGY COMSUMPTION IN THE U.S.A. Data Sheet Table 1. Energy Usage by State in 2012 State Name BTU per Year Pounds of Coal per Year Eastern State 1: North Carolina 139,400,000 14,419 Eastern State 2: Georgia 154,500,000 15,981 Central State 1: Kansas 170,000,000 17,584 Central State 2: Colorado 144,700,000 14,967 Western State 1: Oregon 141,800,000 14,677 Western State 2: California 116,200,000 12,019 Exercise 1 Post-Lab Questions Part 1 Questions: 1. What are the sources of energy on Earth? The sources of energy on Earth are geothermal energy, rotational energy, solar energy, coal, oil, natural gas, wind energy, water energy, biofuel energy 2. What are the societal impacts of access to energy resources? The societal impacts of access to energy resource are health, education, political power, and socioeconomic status. Part 2 Questions: 1. What are some of the possible major sources of energy consumption in the states you selected? a. Eastern States: coal, nuclear power, and natural gas, motor gasoline b. Central States: coal, natural gas, and electricity, motor gasoline ©eScience Labs, 2018

Energy Resources c. Western States: Natural gas, motor gasoline, hydroelectric power, and net interstate flow of electricity 2. What are some things you could do to reduce your average daily energy usage? Some things I could do to reduce my average daily energy usage are to use power strips to reduce and manage the amount of items plugged in and the amount of electricity they use, turn off the lights when they are not in use, shut down your computer when its not in use. ©eScience Labs, 2018

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Energy Resources EXERCISE 2: THE DEEPWATER HORIZON INCIDENT Data Sheet Background Information Needed to Complete the Assignment:  Diameter of the Deepwater Horizon drill pipe: 20 inches  Average rate of oil moving through the pipe: 20 inches/second  Area of a circle: πr 2 ( pi times r squared ), where π = 3.14159 and r = the radius of the circle (1/2 of the diameter) 1. Calculate the interior area of the drill pipe using the formula for the area of a circle. Your answer will be in square inches (in 2 ). Show your work below and record your answer in Table 2. Interior area of the drill pipe = 3.14159 x 10 2 = 314.519 ¿ 2 2. Calculate the volume of oil escaping the pipe every second by multiplying the interior area of the drill pipe (you calculated above) by the average rate of oil moving through the pipe. Your answer will be in cubic inches per second (in 3 /s). Show your work below and record your answer in Table 2. Volumeof oil escapingthe pipe every second = 314.519 x 20 = 6 , 283.18 ¿ 3 / s 3. Calculate the volume of oil escaping the pipe each minute by converting your previous answer to cubic inches per minute (in 3 /min). Remember, there are 60 seconds in 1 minute. Show your work below and record your answer in Table 2. Volumeof oil escapingthe pipeevery minute = 6 , 283.18 ¿ 3 s × 60 seconds 1 minute = 376 , 990.8 ¿ 3 / min 4. Calculate the volume of oil escaping the pipe each hour by converting your previous answer to cubic inches per hour (in 3 /hr). Remember, there are 60 minutes in 1 hour. Show your work below and record your answer in Table 2. ©eScience Labs, 2018

Energy Resources Volumeof oil escapingthe pipeeach hour = 376 , 990.8 ¿ 3 min x 60 miuntes 1 hour = 22,619,448 ¿ 3 / hr 5. Calculate the volume of oil escaping the pipe per day by converting your previous answer to cubic inches per day (in 3 /day). Remember, there are 24 hours in 1 day. Show your work and record your answer in Table 2. Volumeof oil escapingthe pipe per day = 22,619,448 ¿ 3 hr x 24 hours 1 day = 542,866,752 ¿ 3 / day 6. Convert the volume of oil escaping the pipe per day from cubic inches per day (in 3 /day) to cubic feet per day (ft 3 /day). The conversion factor is 1 in 3 = 0.000579 ft 3 . Show your work below and record your answer in Table 2. Cubic feet of oilescaping the pipe per day = 542,866,752 ¿ 3 day x 0.000579 ft 3 1 ¿ 3 = 314 , 319.8494 ft 3 / day 7. Convert the volume of oil escaping the piper per day from cubic feet per day (ft 3 /day) to barrels per day (bbl/day). The conversion factor is 1 barrel = 5.61 ft 3 . Show your work below and record your answer in Table 2. Barrelsof oilescapingthe pipe per day = 314,319.8494 ft 3 day x 1 barrel 5.61 ft 3 = 560,028.49366 bbl / day 8. Find the total barrels of oil discharged during the incident by multiplying the barrels of oil escaping the pipe per day by the total length of time the pipe leaked (86 days). Show your work below and record your answer in Table 2. Totalbarrels of oildischarged = 560,028.49366 bbl day x 86 days 1 = 4,818,450.454 bbl 9. Convert the total barrels of oil (bbl) discharged during the incident to total gallons of oil (gal) discharged during the incident. There are 42 gallons in 1 barrel of oil. Show your work below and record your answer in Table 2. ©eScience Labs, 2018

Energy Resources Total gallonsof oil discharged = 4,818,450.454 bbl x 42 gallons 1 bbl = 202,374,919.1 gal Table 2. Deepwater Horizon Flow Rate Calculations Interior Area of the Drill Pipe (in 2 ): 314.519 Volume of Oil Escaping the Pipe Each Second (in 3 /s): 6,283.18 Volume of Oil Escaping the Pipe Each Minute (in 3 /min): 376,990.8 Volume of Oil Escaping the Pipe Each Hour (in 3 /hr): 22,619,448 Volume of Oil Escaping the Pipe Per Day (in 3 /day): 542,866,752 Cubic feet of Oil Escaping the Pipe Per Day (ft 3 /day): 314,319.8494 Barrels of Oil Escaping the Pipe Per Day (bbl/day): 560,028.49366 Total Barrels of Oil Discharged (bbl): 4,818,450.454 Total Gallons of Oil Discharged (gal): 202,374,919.1 ©eScience Labs, 2018

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Energy Resources Exercise 2 Post-Lab Questions 1. After a lengthy series of court cases, The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana officially ruled that 4.0 million barrels of oil were released from the drill pipe during the incident. Was your calculation of the total barrels discharged in relative agreement with this ruling? Explain your reasoning. My calculation of the total barrels discharged is not in agreement with this ruling because I got 4,818,450.454 million barrels of oils was released from the dill pipe during the incident. Which is higher than the 4.0 million barrels of oil calculated by The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana. 2. Calculate the percent error of your determination of the total barrels released (compared to the official court ruling). The equation for percent error is below. Show your work. Percent error = | 4,818,450.454 − 4,000,000 | 4,000,000 x 100 = 20.46% 3. The Deepwater Horizon blowout and spill was a human, economic, and environmental disaster. On a fundamental level, our demand for energy is driving the oil and gas industry into more complex and unknown territory, where the consequences of mistakes and accidents become far greater. By drilling in such areas, the energy industry has determined that the monetary rewards of drilling far outweigh the human and environmental risks. Do you agree with this assessment? Explain your reasoning. I don’t agree with this assessment because as oil and gas industry continue to drill in areas where the possibilities of mistakes and accidents are high can have dire consequences for everyone. As money will have no use for the dead or dying society. ©eScience Labs, 2018

Energy Resources EXERCISE 3: SOLAR ENERGY Data Sheet Description of Weather at the Time of the Exercise: It is partly cloudy and kind of cold with and occasional breeze Table 3. Solar Cell Observations Environmental Variable Motor Speed (Select One)* Direct Sunlight VF F M S NM 100% Shaded VF F M S NM 50% Shaded VF F M S NM 45° Angle Toward Sun VF F M S NM 45° Angle Away from Sun VF F M S NM Under Red Filter VF F M S NM Under Blue Filter VF F M S NM Under Green Filter VF F M S N M Under Yellow Filter VF F M S NM *VF = Very Fast; F = Fast; M = Medium; S = Slow; NM = No Motion Exercise 3 Post-Lab Questions 1. Develop hypotheses for the efficiency of solar energy for direct sunlight versus the other three variables to be tested: a. Direct vs. Indirect (at a 45° angle) Sunlight: If solar energy is gathered by a 45° angle then it would gather less energy than direct sunlight because some of the solar cell is covered, so it gather all of the energy it potentially can. ©eScience Labs, 2018

Energy Resources b. Direct Sunlight vs. Shade : If solar energy is gathered in the shade then no or some solar energy is gathered because the solar cell required sunlight to move the fan. So direct sunlight will gather more sunlight. c. Direct Sunlight vs. Filtered Light : If solar energy is gathered by filtered light then those closer the red light will gather more those closer to blue light because red light has the longest wavelength and is the closest to infrared light, so other colors of visible light increase in wavelength and warmth as the get closer to red and infrared light. Knowing this direct sunlight will gather more or the same amount of solar energy. 2. Based on your results, would you accept or reject your hypotheses in Question 1. Why? a. Direct vs. Indirect (at a 45° angle) Sunlight: I accept my hypothesis because even though the data showed it could generate energy if it were tilted towards the sun. It could not generated energy when it was titled away from it. So, depending if its titled towards or away influences the amount of energy it could gather compared to direct sunlight. b. Direct Sunlight vs. Shade : I accept my hypothesis because the data showed that 100% shade generated no solar energy. Even the 50% need to be at certain angle to gather the energy, even then it was still less than the amount of energy that could be gather by direct sunlight. c. Direct Sunlight vs. Filtered Light : I accept my hypothesis because the data showed that the cellophanes closer to infrared light (red and yellow) generated some or the same amount of solar energy. While the cellophanes farther away from infrared light (blue and green) generated no solar energy. 3. What factors increased the current generated by the solar cell? What factors decreased the current generated by the solar cell? Explain your reasoning based on your data. The factored that increased the current generated by the solar cell are the amount of sunlight present, such as direct,50% shaded, 45° towards the sun. Also, cellophane that are closer to infrared light, such as red and yellow. These factors increased the current because they were able to provide enough energy for the solar cell to gather and turn ©eScience Labs, 2018

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Energy Resources the fan either extremely fast or medium speed. The factors that decreased the current generated by the solar cell are the amount pf sunlight present such as 100% shaded, 45° away from the sun. Also, cellophane that are farther from infrared light, sun as blue and green. These factors decreased the current because they were no able to provide any energy for the solar cell to turn the fan, so no motion occurred. 4. Below is an image of the electromagnetic spectrum. The Sun produces radiation across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, but solar panels only use radiation within the visible light range to produce electricity. Most solar cells produce their maximum energy output from light that has a wavelength around 700 nm (nanometers). Do your exercise results agree with this energy output trend? Explain why or why not. My exercise results agree with this energy output trend because only the red and yellow cellophane were able to move the fan and they are closer to 700 nm need for the solar cells to maximum their energy out. While green and blue are farther from 700 nm, so they are unable to produce the energy needed for the solar cell to work. Electromagnetic radiation is classified by its wavelength and separated into different types of waves (nm = nanometers). ©eScience Labs, 2018

Energy Resources 5. How could you increase the overall electricity generated by a solar cell throughout the day as the Sun’s angle in the sky changes? Y ou could increase the overall electricity generated by a solar cell throughout that day as the Sun’s angle in the sky changes by panel orientation, always moving the panels as the sun’s angle changes. This would collect the most energy from the sun thought the day because the sun is always moving. 6. Based on the overall climate and environment where you live, would solar panels work well for your home? Explain. Based on the overall climate and environment where I live, solar panels would work well for my home because it mostly sunny and humid, which is needed for the solar panels to generate energy for electricity. Also, where I live the sun always seems to be aimed at my house no matter the changing positions of the sun throughout the day. ©eScience Labs, 2018