experiment 1

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School

California State University, Northridge *

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240L

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Electrical Engineering

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Feb 20, 2024

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docx

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Fall 2022 California State University, Northridge Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Experiment 1 Laboratory Instruments and Reports ECE 240L Written By:

1. Purpose: This experiment aims to introduce the basic daily equipment that will be used in the lab. It will teach the structure and layout of the breadboard, the difference in power sources, the importance of grounding, and basic information on oscilloscopes. In addition, it would also test the calibration of the equipment used (such as the multimeter, the DC source, the AC source, and the resistors) in order to verify the accuracy of the equipment. We would also test our devices’ accuracy using the comparison of theoretical calculations with in-lab measurements using real world equipment. 2. Equipment Used: - Oscilloscope - Digital Multimeter and Handheld Multimeter - DC Power Supply 3. Parts Used: Quantity Component Value 2 Resistor 1 kΩ and 3.3 kΩ 2 Connecting Cables 1 Breadboard 4. Software Used: - Microsoft 365 Excel - Microsoft 365 Word

5. Theory Since we are expecting our theoretical calculations to mostly match with our lab measurements, we set up a data table for every value that we want to measure. DC 6V R1 R2 RT I VR1 VR2 Calculat e 1.00E+0 3 3.30E+0 3 4.30E+0 3 1.40E-03 1.40E+00 4.60E+0 0 DC 5V Calculat e 1.00E+0 3 3.30E+0 3 4.30E+0 3 1.16E-03 1.16E+00 3.84E+0 0 DC 3V Calculat e 1.00E+0 3 3.30E+0 3 4.30E+0 3 0.00069 8 6.98E-01 2.30E+0 0 DC 1V Calculat e 1.00E+0 3 3.30E+0 3 4.30E+0 3 0.00023 3 2.33E-01 7.67E-01 6Vp-p R1 R2 RT Vp Vrms Irms VR1 VR2 Calculat e 1.00E+0 3 3.30E+0 3 4.30E+0 3 3 2.12132 493.3E-6 493.3E-3 1.6E+ 0 10Vp-p Calculat e 1.00E+0 3 3.30E+0 3 4.30E+0 3 5 3.53553 4 822.2E-6 822.2E-3 2.7E+ 0 The data above shows our calculated values, using Ohm’s Law, for total resistance (RT), current (I), voltage on resistor 1 (VR1), voltage on resistor 2 (VR2), Vrms, and Irms given values for resistor 1 as 1 kΩ and resistor 2 as 3.3 kΩ over different voltage values: 6V, 5V, 3V, 1V, 6Vp-p, and 10Vp-p. 6. Procedure and Results a. Set up the circuit diagram on the breadboard.

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b. Calibrate the voltage values by connecting the power supply to the digital multimeter (DMM) through the black and red banana leads black lead for the COM connection and red lead for the +6V output. c. Measure the resistance of the resistors using the handheld multimeter and record the readings for R1, R2, and Rtotal. R1 R2 RT Measur e 9.80E+02 3.24E+03 4.22E+03 d. Connect the power supply to the circuit on the breadboard through connecting wires: red wire for connecting to the power source and black wire for connecting to the ground/COM. e. Measure the voltage across each resistor through the DMM and record through voltage outputs of +6V, +5V, +3V, and +1V.

DC 6V VR1 VR2 1.39E+00 4.59E+00 DC 5V 1.16E+00 3.82E+00 DC 3V 6.90E-01 2.30E+00 DC 1V 2.30E-01 7.60E-01 DC 3V 6.90E-01 2.30E+00 6Vp-p Vrms VR1 VR2 2.08 4.88E-01 1.59E+00 6Vp-p 3.47 8.16E-01 2.62E+00 f. Measure the current by switching the banana lead on the DMM from the volt/kΩ plug into the current plug and record for all voltage values. DC 6V I (A) 1.41E- 03 DC 5V 1.17E- 03 DC 3V 0.0007 DC 1V 0.00023 g. Turn off the DC Power source and connect to the AC power source (Oscilloscope). Set the voltage values to 6Vp-p and 10Vp-p. h. Repeat the previous measurements. i. Voltage across resistors and Vrms

6Vp-p Vrm s VR1 VR2 2.08 4.88E-01 1.59E+00 10Vp-p 3.47 8.16E-01 2.62E+00 7. Conclusion a. Full Data Table: DC 6V R1 R2 RT I VR1 VR2 Calculate 1.00E+03 3.30E+03 4.30E+03 1.40E-03 1.40E+00 4.60E+00 Measure 9.80E+02 3.24E+03 4.22E+03 1.41E-03 1.39E+00 4.59E+00 Percent Error 2% 2% 2% 1% 0% 0% DC 5V R1 R2 RT I VR1 VR2 Calculate 1.00E+03 3.30E+03 4.30E+03 1.16E-03 1.16E+00 3.84E+00 Measure 9.80E+02 3.24E+03 4.22E+03 1.17E-03 1.16E+00 3.82E+00 Percent Error 2% 2% 2% 1% 0% 0% DC 3V R1 R2 RT I VR1 VR2 Calculate 1.00E+03 3.30E+03 4.30E+03 0.0007 6.98E-01 2.30E+00 Measure 9.80E+02 3.24E+03 4.22E+03 0.0007 6.90E-01 2.30E+00 Percent Error 2% 2% 2% 0% 1% 0% DC 1V R1 R2 RT I VR1 VR2 Calculate 1.00E+03 3.30E+03 4.30E+03 0.00023 2.33E-01 7.67E-01 Measure 9.80E+02 3.24E+03 4.22E+03 0.00023 2.30E-01 7.60E-01 Percent Error 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1%

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6Vp-p R1 R2 RT Vp Vrms Irms VR1 VR2 Calculate 1.00E+03 3.30E+03 4.30E+03 3 2.12132 493.3E-6 493.3E-3 1.6E+0 Measure 9.80E+02 3.24E+03 4.22E+03 3 2.08 4.93E-04 4.88E-01 1.59E+00 Percent Error 2% 2% 2% 0% 2% 0% 1% 2% 10Vp-p R1 R2 RT Vp Vrms Irms VR1 VR2 Calculate 1.00E+03 3.30E+03 4.30E+03 5 3.535534 822.2E-6 822.2E-3 2.7E+0 Measure 9.80E+02 3.24E+03 4.22E+03 5 3.47 8.22E-04 8.16E-01 2.62E+00 Percent Error 2% 2% 2% 0% 2% 0% 1% 3% We can say that the equipment and components that we would be using throughout the semester are accurate with a percent error less than 3% when comparing lab-measured values to theoretical calculations. Within the lab, we learned how to properly use the digital multimeter, oscilloscope, DC power source, breadboard, handheld multimeter, and the cables that connect to them in order to measure different parameters such as voltages, current, and resistance. While measuring the voltage across resistors, we found that it is sometimes inaccurate under a certain value range, which affects the percent error such that it was more than 5%, so fiddling with the range of values displayed by the digital multimeter gave us better readings. This experiment is essential in refreshing our knowledge in circuits while teaching us the basics of lab procedures.