IHP515 Module 3 Questions_new version_final

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Feb 20, 2024

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Lauren Herrmann IHP 515 Module 3 Textbook Questions Part A – Measures of Frequency Concepts 1. Which frequency measure below is NOT expressed as a ratio? a. 5:1 c. 5/100 b. 5 d. 5 per 100,000 2. What is the difference between direct and indirect methods of adjustment?  Direct rates are known studies whereas indirect rates are unknown studies. 3. When is a ratio expressed as #:# (e.g., 5:3)?  This is a simple ratio. 4. How do we report the calculation of a rate? Please include an explanation of the importance of time when reporting rates.  Rates improve one’s ability to make comparisons. Rates can be expressed in any form that is convenient such as per 1,000 or 100,000. For example, cancer rates are expressed per 100,000 population. 5. What information do the following types of rates provide an epidemiologist: (A) crude death rate; (B) general fertility rate; and (C) age-adjusted (standardized) rate?  Crude rate death – is based on number of deaths in a given year by reference population during midpoint of the year per 100,000.  General fertility rate – is the number of live births within a year by number of women age 15-44 during the midpoint of the year per 1,000 women.  Age-adjusted (standardized) rate- for the same population they are 42 per 1,000 and 52 per 1,000 6. What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? Provide an example of each using the same scenario.  Prevalence is the number of existing cases of a disease where as incidence is related to the number of new instances of an illness. An example of incidence is the spread of COVID-19 and the number of cases. An example of prevalence would be the study of the number of cases found each year. Part B – Practicing Calculations of Frequency Table 1. Age-Specific Female Malignant Breast Cancer Incidence in the Combined Areas of San Francisco and the Metropolitan Areas of Detroit and Atlanta According to Selected Racial Groups, 2010–2012 Use the table above to answer the following questions.

7. Calculate the race and age-specific malignant Breast Cancer incidence rates for White and Black females, age groups 60-64, 65-69, and 70+. Please show your work needed to find each rate. Use 100,000 as the adjustment multiplier. Summarize your results in the table provided below. White Black < 50 48.8 44.5 50-54 240.5 229.3 55-59 267.5 282.2 60-64 375.39 347.80 65-69 450.96 429.5 70+ 450 428.4 8. Create a bar chart using the incidence rates that you calculated in the previous question. Right Click on the template bar chart below, then click on “Chart Design” in the menu option and then on “Edit Data” OR on “Edit Data” in the menu to enter your data. What you will see depends on your version of Microsoft. Enter the data in the boxes and then close the data window and your graph will appear. If you need further guidance on how to edit the chart below, please review the following support page for Microsoft Word: https://support.office.com/en-us/article/insert-a-chart-from-an-excel-spreadsheet-into-word-0b4d40a5-3544- 4dcd-b28f-ba82a9b9f1e1

< 50 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70+ 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 White Black 9. Describe the effect of age and race on malignant breast cancer rates in females using the table and figure above.  White females have a higher rate then black females in ages under 50, 50-54, 60-64, 65-69, and 70+. Black females have a higher rate in age groups 55-59. This shows that breast cancer is found more in white females than it is in black females. They broke the study down by age group to show the comparison.

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