AlbertChang_Homework1

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Homework Assignment 1 Albert Chang 1/11/2023 Question 1 (Exercise 1.2 on Page 11): Write your answer for question 1 here. Since the question has four parts, use: a) 66/85, 77.65% b) 65/81, 80.25% c) Control d) Since the observed percentages are very close (less than 3% apart), this could just be due to random chance. Question 2 (Exercise 1.4 on Page 19): a) Can the Buteyko method reduce asthma symptoms and improve quality of life? b) 600 asthma patients c) quality of life, activity, asthma symptoms,and medication reduction. The variables are ordinal. 1

Question 3 (Exercise 1.6 on Page 20): a) What is the relationship between socio-economic class and unethical behavior? b) 129 UC Berkeley Undergrads c) Low or high social class (Categorical,ordinal), number of candies taken (numerical, discrete) Question 4 (Exercise 1.12 on Page 21): a) %yes, arms control and disarmament, colonialism, economic development, human rights, nuclear weapons and materials, palestanian conflict b) %yes: numerical, discrete arms control and disarmament: categorical, not ordinal colonialism: categorical, not ordinal economic development: categorical, not ordinal human rights: categorical, not ordinal nuclear weapons and materials: categorical, not ordinal palestanian conflict: categorical, not ordinal Question 5 (Exercise 1.16 on Page 29): a) 129 UC Berkeley Undergrads b) The results can be generalized to the population since 129 is not a small number. However, it can’t be used to establish causal relationships because all samples are from UC Berkeley. Question 6 (Exercise 1.28 on Page 31): Write your answers for question 6 here. 2

a) No because if they wanted to test whether smoking causes dementia in later life they would need to have a control group(non-smokers) and an experimental group(smokers). b) We can not conclude because this statement makes no sense, as there are likely many other confounding variables between sleep habits and bullying. The opposite may be true: These students suffer from sleep disorders as a result of bullying. We can only conclude what the article says: “Children with behavioral problems and those identified as bullies were twice as likely as other children to have symptoms of sleep disorders.” Question 7 (Exercise 1.38 on Page 36): Write your answers for question 7 here. a) This is a simple random sampling because a sample of 50 households is randomly selected and each household has an equal chance of being selected into the sample. b) This is stratified sampling because the city is first divided into neighborhoods and a sample of 20 households is taken from each neighborhood. c) This is a cluster sampling because the city was first divided by neighborhoods and 10 neighborhoods were selected as the sample. All units in these 10 neighborhoods are included in the sample. d) This is a multistage sampling because cities were first divided by neighborhoods and a sample of 10 neigh- borhoods was selected. Then 20 households were selected from 10 blocks as a sample. e) This is a convenience sampling as households that were relatively close to the council (i.e. easily accessible) were selected for inclusion in the sample. Question 8 (Exercise 1.40 on Page 37): Write your answers for question 8 here. 3

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a) The explanatory variable is the percentage of population with a bachelor’s degree and the response variable is the per capita income. b) There appears to be a positive linear relationship between the proportion of the population with a bachelor’s degree and per capita income c) We cannot draw this conclusion because having a strong correlation does not imply causation Question 9 (Exercise 1.43 on Page 38): Write your answers for question 9 here. a) The variables are: county, state, driver’s race, No. of stops per year, % of stopped cars searched, and drivers arrested b) County: Categorical, not ordinal State: Categorical, not ordinal Driver’s race: Categorical, not ordinal No. of stop per year: Numerical, discrete % of cars searched: Numerical, continuous drivers arrested: Numerical, continuous c) The response variable is whether the car was searched and the explanatory variable is the race of the driver Question 10: a) What is sampling? Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of elements from a larger population in order to make inferences or draw conclusions about the entire population. b) Why is sampling important? Sampling is a crucial tool for research and data analysis. It strikes a compromise between handling the real-world constraints that come with researching big populations and producing insightful findings. 4

c) List seven sampling techniques procedures. Simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling, cluster sampling, multistage sampling, convenience sampling, and Quota sampling. d) Distinguish between observational study and experimental study. Observational studies observe and analyze current conditions without intervention, while experimental stud- ies purposefully manipulate variables to ascertain cause-and-effect relationships e) Distinguish between stratified sampling and cluster sampling. Stratified sampling divides the population into homogeneous subgroups, while cluster sampling divides the population into heterogeneous clusters and randomly selects some of the clusters to include in the sample 5

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