Unemployment and Underemployment

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Bahria University, Islamabad *

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Economics

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Nov 24, 2024

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Unemployment and Underemployment The causes of unemployment and underemployment are deeply entangled in our society's past. People who are willing and able to work but have no employment available to them are considered to be unemployed, whereas those who are employed but in jobs that do not make full use of their skills and education are considered to be underemployed. The root causes of unemployment and underemployment are complex, involving a wide range of economic and social factors that vary across time and space. High unemployment rates are often a result of companies laying off workers during a recession or depression. The effects of economic variables on unemployment and underemployment can be exacerbated by social problems including prejudice, a lack of education and training, and a lack of mobility. It can be difficult for people from disadvantaged backgrounds to find well-paying work due to factors including bias in the hiring process and a lack of formal education and training. Certain jobs have become obsolete due to the growth of automation and AI, while others have required new talents and experience to fill (Pratap, Dickson, Love et al., 2021). Because of this change in the economy, some workers may need to update their skills and education to remain competitive in the job market. There is a broad range in how people and communities are affected by unemployment and underemployment. The extent to which these issues affect the general population will depend on the health of the economy and other factors. In the United States, both the unemployment rate and the number of persons considered to be "underemployed" or working only part-time fluctuate over time. Certain groups may be disproportionately affected by unemployment and underemployment. People of color, people with disabilities, and residents of

low-income areas may be disproportionately represented among the unemployed and underemployed (Pratap, Dickson, Love et al., 2021). As a result of factors such as discrimination in the workplace, a lack of access to training and employment, and weak social and economic backing, this is the case. Youth and new graduates may be at a higher risk of experiencing unemployment and underemployment due to a lack of work experience and a paucity of job opportunities in their industry. Age discrimination in the workplace and difficulties in reentering the workforce after retirement may have an impact on the elderly population as a whole. Additionally, higher unemployment and underemployment rates can be caused by the decline of once-prosperous businesses, the clustering of poverty, and the failure to invest in infrastructure and education. Disproportionate rates of unemployment and underemployment can have devastating effects on individuals and communities. Economic growth and development, as well as people's emotional and physical health, might be negatively impacted (Raguram, 2021). Reducing these disparities requires tackling discrimination and bias in hiring and employment processes, investing in infrastructure and job development projects, and expanding access to education and training programs. Some people may experience the effects of unemployment and underemployment more keenly than others because of their disproportionate share of the problem. Physical health, mental health, and overall quality of life could all take a hit as a result. People without jobs or with low wages may struggle to pay for basics like shelter, food, and medical care. The stress and anxiety that arises may have a negative impact on one's mental health (Barnichon & Zylberberg, 2019). Also, if a person remains unemployed for a long time, they may lose key skills and experience, making it more difficult for them to re-enter the industry and achieve future career

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success. This can cause a domino effect of poverty and exclusion that impedes economic and social progress. We need a social service response to the issues of unemployment and underemployment so that individuals and communities can recover from their impacts. Some examples of social service interventions include educational and occupational guidance, financial aid and referral services, and mental health care. These methods can help those who are unemployed or underemployed gain marketable skills, connect with potential employers, and handle the financial and emotional burdens of their situation. They can also lessen the impact that structural impediments and inequalities have on some communities more than others. Policies and programs designed to combat unemployment and underemployment vary widely across the globe. In the United States, numerous social policies and programs exist to combat these issues, including: 1. The federal government provides Unemployment Insurance to support people who have lost their jobs through no fault of their own (UI). 2. The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act allocates funds from the federal government to support particular vocational education and training programs (WIOA). 3. To help low-income families get back on their feet, the federal government runs a program called Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). 4. Helping low-income families afford food is the goal of the federal government's Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). 5. Medicaid is a state-federal partnership that provides medical coverage for those with low incomes.

Eligibility requirements for these services change from program to program. Eligibility is determined by a person's income, work, and sometimes family size and citizenship status. A variety of social programs targeted at reducing unemployment and underemployment complement these social policies. Employment assistance, including resume reviews and interview preparation classes, as well as financial counseling and psychotherapy, may fall under this heading. Program implementation is typically handled by government agencies or nonprofits with experience in workforce development and social services. Depending on the target audience, services can be delivered either physically or digitally. The effectiveness of these services in warding off or alleviating unemployment and underemployment varies widely across programs, individuals, and economic environments. Job training and education programs help their participants obtain marketable skills and get employment, according to the vast majority of research. However, concerns have been raised concerning whether or not these programs are accessible to those who need them the most, including individuals from underrepresented groups or who speak little to no English. This highlights the need of ensuring that services are accessible to all who need them and are delivered in a way that accounts for the cultural and linguistic backgrounds of those receiving the services. The government agencies responsible for workforce development and social services, as well as labor unions and advocacy groups for economically disadvantaged communities, may have all played significant roles in the development and maintenance of these initiatives. Working with people who have been affected by unemployment or underemployment raises a number of ethical considerations, including providing services in a nondiscriminatory manner and protecting the privacy of individuals seeking assistance. Each person deserves

individualized care that takes into account their specific needs while yet respecting and protecting their independence. Strengths  Aids those whose finances have taken a hit due to a lack of work or low pay.  Helps people increase their employability by giving them access to educational and vocational resources.  By focusing on root causes, this strategy lessens the disproportionate impact of unemployment and underemployment on certain groups.  Perhaps useful for avoiding or lessening the mental and emotional toll that unemployment and underemployment can cause. Limitations  Overly strict eligibility standards may prevent certain individuals and families from receiving necessary services.  Because not all programs are created with certain populations in mind, there may be discrepancies in service provision and results.  It's probable that the budget for social services is inadequate, limiting the impact of current efforts.  If programs are too fragmented or stand-alone, people may not be able to access the care they need. I suggest the following changes to better meet the needs of the target demographic:

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Raise the eligibility threshold for aid programs to help the underemployed and unemployed who are now going without support. Invest in services that are accessible to people of various linguistic and cultural backgrounds. There should be more money allocated to social services so that more individuals can receive help. Consolidating existing services and endeavors will result in a more streamlined and integrated support system. To advocate for and implement these changes, I suggest the following strategy: Build a coalition of people, from those directly impacted by unemployment and underemployment to advocates and policymakers, who are invested in finding solutions. Provide a well-reasoned case for why it's crucial to expand social services and improve their quality. If you want to see changes made to policies and programs, you should inform the public, get in touch with your representatives, and use the media. Improve existing social services by working with government and non-profit organizations. Monitor the outcomes of new policies and programs to ensure they meet the needs of their target audience and yield the desired outcomes. In conclusion, a concerted and planned effort is required to advocate for, and carry out, reforms in policy and programs that will better address unemployment and underemployment. If advocacy and implementation efforts are balanced properly, a more just and effective system of support for persons and families impacted by these issues can be established.

References Pratap, P., Dickson, A., Love, M., Zanoni, J., Donato, C., Flynn, M. A., & Schulte, P. A. (2021). Public health impacts of underemployment and unemployment in the United States: Exploring perceptions, gaps and opportunities. International journal of environmental research and public health , 18 (19), 10021. Raguram, L. (2021). Fostering Soft Skills through ESL Instruction: A Strategy to Overcome Unemployment and Underemployment among Graduates. Barnichon, R., & Zylberberg, Y. (2019). Underemployment and the trickle-down of unemployment. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics , 11 (2), 40-78.

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