Comparative Report_Colombia and South Africa..

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Surname 1 By Name Affiliate Professor Course Title Due Date Comparative Report: Colombia and South Africa State Fragility Index of Colombia and South Africa State fragility—state capability, autonomy, and legitimacy—is vital when assessing market progress. Colombia and South Africa have different state fragilities. A comparison study shows these characteristics' governance states, long-term stability, and development potential. Colombia's state capacity score of 6.7 in 2023 indicates a solid development in public service delivery and law enforcement. Colombia has improved relative stability by lowering factionalized elites' influence on state policy since 2006, as seen by its 7.6 score (Fund For Peace). The state legitimacy rating, remaining 5.3, indicates that popular faith in political institutions may improve. Colombia's public service score of 6.1 shows an improved ability to deliver basic services, but more improvement is needed for stability. With 6.6 in 2023, South Africa has a little higher state capacity than Colombia. However, the rising trend since 2006 implies that the government fails to provide public goods and enforce the law, which might lead to further instability. Factionalized elites' 6.8 score predicts a deteriorating situation where specific groups may have a big socioeconomic effect, leading to adverse government policies and unrest (Fund For Peace). The 6.1 state legitimacy score shows a significant decline in popular support for political authority, state institutions, and public opinion, adding to the country's instability. South Africa excels in public services with a 7.1 score. It suggests that the government has done so more effectively, stabilizing a vulnerable situation.

Surname 2 Comparing Colombia and South Africa shows that both have strengthened their state machinery, which helps them provide public goods and maintain order. Colombia's stability is improved by a considerable drop in factionalized elites, suggesting less influence over government policies. However, South Africa's factionalized elites may be vulnerable to non- public interests that might cause instability. Both countries need help maintaining public faith in government institutions, which might increase instability. Blank International may need to include South Africa's greater decline in state legitimacy when interpreting the State Fragility Index when analyzing market growth. Public service excellence in South Africa helps sustain stability in a vulnerable environment. Ethnic and Cultural Fragmentation Colombia is known for its ethnic and cultural variety, which includes Indigenous, African, European, and mestizo aspects. This variation may cause intergroup conflict and division. The country is home to indigenous, Afro-Colombian, and mestizo cultures. Internal migration has intermingled numerous cultural groups in Colombia, resulting in a fusion of traditions and lifestyles. Colombia's ethnic and cultural diversity has caused political and social turmoil (Pardo). Armed conflicts and political unrest stem from ethnic and cultural differences. Recent Colombian measures to foster cultural diversity and Indigenous and Afro- Colombian rights have helped solve these issues. South Africa's racial and cultural variety, shaped by apartheid, is a hallmark. The population includes Zulu, Xhosa, Afrikaners, Indians, and mixed-race people (Leander). Each tribe enriches the nation's culture. Despite concluding apartheid and achieving racial equality, South Africa today faces ethnic and cultural fragmentation. Political representation, linguistic variety, and cultural identity remain issues (Leander). The country addresses these concerns by recognizing and valuing its rich cultural heritage, promoting inclusivity, and fostering cultural cohesion.

Surname 3 Colombia and South Africa have different identities due to their ethnic and cultural diversity. They both suffered ethnic conflicts, but South Africa's apartheid, a racial segregation government, shaped its peace and healing. Colombia has had its problems, but never such a deep division. Reconciliation and inclusivity have helped South Africa overcome the cultural and racial divide. On the other hand, Colombia has appreciated and protected its cultural diversity, yet racial tensions have caused conflict. Political Economic Models and Outcomes The Colombian government is modest yet invests much in social programs. Tax rates are minimal due to government spending and revenue balance. Despite Colombia's worldwide trade and agreements with many nations and blocs, certain goods are subject to tariffs and other trade restrictions. Colombia regulates firms and industries moderately (Zegel et al.). The government regulates key economic sectors. Colombia's GDP per capita is below the global average due to development issues and economic inequality (Zegel et al.). Wealth inequality exists between the wealthiest 10% and the poorest 90% of the nation. The South African government's public sector spending and social assistance initiatives show its generosity. Despite low taxes, the government sets economic policy. South Africa's long history of regional and global economic involvement has led to various trade agreements (World Bank). It enforces trade rules like commodities taxes. Black economic empowerment is part of South Africa's legal framework to rectify past imbalances and foster economic progress. GDP per capita shows South Africa is marginally better off than Colombia. Both countries suffer from economic inequality, with the richest 10% possessing a disproportionate share. Colombia and South Africa share social welfare programs, controlled trade environments, and prohibitions. Economic disparity affects both countries, but South Africa's GDP per capita suggests a higher quality of life. A minority controls disproportionately more

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Surname 4 money in both nations. When considering whether to expand to Colombia or South Africa, Blank International must consider these financial aspects, the company's aims, and its ability to adapt to the local economy and regulatory environment. Barriers to Development Distinct obstacles to growth pose serious challenges to the economic and social success of both Colombia and South Africa. Corruption in the public sector is a concern in both countries, but to different extents, as shown by the Corruption Perceptions Index. A score of 43 out of 100 indicates considerable perceived corruption in South Africa. However, this has decreased marginally from 2021-2022. By comparison, Colombia scores 39 out of 100 on Transparency International's corruption perception index, indicating a significant degree of perceived corruption. People may feel helpless in the face of entrenched concentrated authority, which undermines faith in government institutions and slows development efforts. Dependence on oil is another important factor to think about. Only 0.4% of economic activity in South Africa is directly related to oil, demonstrating minimal oil dependence. Doing so may sidestep the problems that may arise due to the "oil curse." In comparison, oil accounts for 3.4% of Colombia's GDP and is far more important in the country's economy (The World Bank Group) than Venezuela's. This reliance is not alarming, but it needs careful management to avoid the pitfalls plaguing oil-dependent economies. When deciding between Colombia and South Africa, Blank International must take these limitations into account in order to make an informed growth decision. In order to succeed in these markets, it is essential to develop methods for combating corruption and controlling oil-related operations. Blank International's ability to handle these obstacles and capitalize on the varying development opportunities available in each country should go into the final decision.

Surname 5 Conclusion In light of the findings from the comparative study of Colombia and South Africa, it is suggested that Blank International assess its goals and the extent to which it can adjust to the market circumstances and regulatory environments in both countries. While the Colombian government has shown progress in capability and reducing factionalized elites, the country still needs to work on state legitimacy and economic distribution issues. While South Africa's state capacity is somewhat greater than average, the country is also struggling with a fall in legitimacy and growing factionalization among its elites. These factors and the special difficulties brought on by cultural diversity and different economic structures should inform Blank International's long-term strategy.

Surname 6 Works Cited Fund For Peace. “Comparative Analysis | Fragile States Index.” Fragilestatesindex.org , 2019, fragilestatesindex.org/comparative-analysis/. Leander. “Race and Ethnicity in South Africa.” South African History Online , 5 Oct. 2018, www.sahistory.org.za/article/race-and-ethnicity-south-africa . Pardo, Neyla G. “The Dual Causes of Fragmentation: Democratic Security and the Communitarian State in Colombian Politics.” Discourse & Society , vol. 31, no. 1, Dec. 2019, pp. 64–84, https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926519877694 . It was accessed on 1 Dec. 2020. The World Bank Group. “Oil Rents (% of GDP) | Data.” Data.worldbank.org , 2023, data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PETR. RT. ZS?name_desc=false. Transparency International. “2022 Corruption Perceptions Index - Explore Colombia’s Results.” Transparency.org , 2023, www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022/index/col . World Bank. An Assessment of Drivers, Constraints and Opportunities Overcoming Poverty and Inequality in South Africa . 2023, documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/530481521735906534/pdf/124521-rev-ouo- south-africa-poverty-and-inequality-assessment-report-2018-final-web.pdf. Zegel, Frédérique, et al. " Better Policies " Series . 2015, www.oecd.org/about/publishing/colombia-policy-priorities-for-inclusive- development.pdf .

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Surname 7 APPENDICES Figure 1. State Fragility of Colombia and South Africa Country Score in 2023 The trend since 2006 [stable, improved, worsened] Security Apparatus Factionalized Elites State Legitimacy Public Services Colombi a 6.7 7.6 5.3 6.1 Improved South Africa 6.6 6.8 6.1 7.1 Worsened Figure 2. South Africa and Colombia functionalized Elites

Surname 8 Figure 3. South Africa Corruption Perception Index Figure 4. Colombia Corruption Perception Index Figure 5. Corruption Perception Index and Oil Dependency Corruption Perception Index Oil Dependency South Africa 43/100 [has decreased by one point since 2021-2022] 0.4 % Colombia 39/100 [has been constant since 2021-2022] 3.4%

Comparative Report_Colombia and South Africa..

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