Franklin Coon ISB 201 China Population History and Demographic Transition SS24

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Michigan State University *

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Economics

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May 21, 2024

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Name - Franklin Coon PID - 181315910 China Population Profile and the Demographic Transition Population of China by Age and Sex (population age profile) as of November 2010 . 1. A. The "female surplus" at older ages in China can be attributed to a higher life expectancy among women compared to men, which is a common demographic trend worldwide. Women tend to live longer due to a combination of biological, social, and health-related factors. B. The decline in population at certain age groups could be related to historical events that affected birth rates or survival rates during specific periods. This could include events like the Great Chinese Famine (1959-1961), the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), or other significant social or political upheavals. C. This likely reflects the population boom following the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Post-war reconstruction and a focus on increasing the population might have led to a higher birth rate during this period. D. This gradual decrease could be the result of China's economic reforms starting in the late 1970s, which led to urbanization and changes in family planning preferences, ultimately reducing the birth rate. E. This could be related to the "baby boom" generations, possibly influenced by government policies encouraging population growth before the introduction of the one-child policy in 1979. D D G F E E C C B B A

F. This is likely due to the cultural preference for male children in China, exacerbated by the one-child policy. This policy led to gender-selective abortions and a skewed gender ratio. G. The most recent policy change is the relaxation of the one-child policy, first to a two-child policy and later to a three-child policy. The Chinese government hopes to address the challenges of an aging population and a shrinking workforce by encouraging larger families. 2. The Demographic Transition Model describes the transition of a country from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as it develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. This model is typically divided into four or five stages being low stationary, early expanding, late expanding, low stationary, and decline/incline. Key factors include industrialization, improved healthcare, enhanced education, urbanization, and increasing access to contraception. As these factors take effect, mortality rates drop, followed by a decline in fertility rates. I would put the United States in late Stage 3 or early Stage 4, with low birth and death rates. I would put Nigeria likely in Stage 2 or early Stage 3, with declining death rates but still high birth rates. I would put Thailand in stage 3, with rapidly declining birth rates. I’d finally put Japan in stage 4, with very low birth and death rates, and facing issues related to an aging population. Work Cited: https://www.prb.org/resources/the-demographic-transition-a-contemporary-look-at-a-classic-model/ #:~:text=This%20model—the%20Demographic%20Transition,lag%20behind%20declining %20mortality%20rates . https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292123002192#:~:text=By%20around %202010%2C%20the%20cumulative,Child%20Policy%20and%20government%20transfers . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4302763/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_transition https://ourworldindata.org/demographic-transition https://geographyfieldwork.com/DemographicTransition.htm

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